Index

Symbols

∧ (and), 244
χ² (chi squared), 706
| (cons list cell), 305
|- (derives), 242
→ (entailment), 240
ε-ball, 714
∃ (there exists), 297
∀ (for all), 295
| (given), 485
↔ (if and only if), 244
→ (implies), 244
~ (indifferent), 612
λ (lambda)-expression, 294
∨ (or), 244

A

A(s) (actions in a state), 645
A* search, 93-99
AAAI (American Association for AI), 31
Aarup, M., 432, 1064
Abbeel, P., 556, 857, 1068, 1090
Abbott, L. F., 763, 854, 1070
ABC computer, 14
Abdennadher, S., 230, 1073
Abelson, R. P., 23, 921, 1088
Abney, S., 921, 1064
ABO (Asymptotic Bounded Optimality), 1050
Abramson, B., 110, 1064
absolute error, 98
abstraction, 69, 677
abstraction hierarchy, 432
Abstrips, 432
Abu-Hanna, A., 505, 1081
AC-3, 209
Academy Award, 435
accessibility relations, 451
accusative case, 899
Acero, A., 922, 1076
Acharya, A., 112, 1068
Achlioptas, D., 277, 278, 1064
Ackley, D. H., 155, 1064
acoustic model, 913
     in disambiguation, 906
ACT, 336
ACT*, 799
acting rationally, 4
action, 34, 67, 108, 367
     high-level, 406
     joint, 427
     monitoring, 423, 424
     primitive, 406
     rational, 7, 30
action-utility function, 627, 831
action exclusion axiom, 273, 428
action monitoring, 423, 424
action schema, 367
activation function, 728
active learning, 831
active sensing, 928
active vision, 1025
actor, 426
actuator, 34, 41
     hydraulic, 977
     pneumatic, 977
AD-tree, 826
AdaBoost, 751
adalines, 20
Adams, J., 450
Ada programming language, 14
adaptive control theory, 833, 854
adaptive dynamic programming, 834, 834-835, 853, 858
adaptive perception, 985
add-one smoothing, 863
add list, 368
Adelson-Velsky, G. M., 192, 1064
Adida, B., 469, 1064
ADL (Action Description Language), 394
admissible heuristic, 94, 376
Adorf, H.-M., 432, 1077
ADP (Adaptive Dynamic Programming), 834
adversarial search, 161
adversarial task, 866
adversary argument, 149
Advice Taker, 19, 23
AFSM, 1003
agent, 4, 34, 59
     active, 839
     architecture of, 26, 1047
     autonomous, 236
     components, 1044-1047
     decision-theoretic, 483, 610, 664-666
     goal-based, 52-53, 59, 60
     greedy, 839
     hybrid, 268
     intelligent, 30, 1036, 1044
     knowledge-based, 13, 234-236, 285, 1044
     learning, 54-57, 61
     logical, 265-274, 314
     model-based, 50, 50-52
     online planning, 431
     passive, 832
     passive ADP, 858
     passive learning, 858
     problem-solving, 64, 64-69
     rational, 4, 4-5, 34, 36-38, 59, 60, 636, 1044
     reflex, 48, 48-50, 59, 647, 831
     situated, 1025
     software agent, 41
     taxi-driving, 56, 1047
     utility-based, 53-54, 59, 664
     vacuum, 37, 62-63
     wumpus, 238, 305
agent function, 35, 647
agent program, 35, 46, 59
Agerbeck, C., 228, 1064
Aggarwal, G., 682, 1064
aggregation, 403
Agichtein, E., 885, 1064
Agmon, S., 761, 1064
Agre, P. E., 434, 1064
agreement (in a sentence), 900
Aguirre, A., 278, 1068
Aho, A. V., 1059, 1064
AI, see artificial intelligence
aircraft carrier scheduling, 434
airport, driving to, 480
airport siting, 622, 626
AISB (Society for Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour), 31
AI Winter, 24, 28
Aizerman, M., 760, 1064
Al-Chang, M., 28, 1064
al-Khowarazmi, 8
Alberti, L. B., 966
Albus, J. S., 855, 1064
Aldiss, B., 1040
Aldous, D., 154, 1064
Alekhnovich, M., 277, 1064
Alexandria, 15
algorithm, 8
algorithmic complexity, 759
Alhazen, 966
alignment method, 956
Allais, M., 620, 638, 1064
Allais paradox, 620
Alldiff constraint, 206
Allen, B., 432, 1072
Allen, C., 638, 1069
Allen, J. F., 396, 431, 448, 470, 1064
alliance (in multiplayer games), 166
Allis, L., 194, 1064
Almanac Game, 640
Almuallim, H., 799, 1064
Almulla, M., 111, 1085
ALPAC., 922, 1064
Alperin Resnick, L., 457, 471, 1066
α (normalization constant), 497
alpha-beta pruning, 167, 199
alpha-beta search, 167-171, 189, 191
Alpha-Beta-Search, 170
Alterman, R., 432, 1064
Altman, A., 195, 1064
altruism, 483
Alvey report, 24
AM, 800
Amarel, S., 109, 115, 156, 468, 1064
ambient illumination, 934
ambiguity, 287, 465, 861, 904-912, 919
     lexical, 905
     semantic, 905
     syntactic, 905, 920
ambiguity aversion, 620
Amir, E., 195, 278, 556, 1064, 1070, 1086
Amit, D., 761, 1064
analogical reasoning, 799
Analogy, 19, 31
analysis of algorithms, 1053
Analytical Engine, 14
analytical generalization, 799
Anantharaman, T. S., 192, 1076
Anbulagan, 277, 1080
anchoring effect, 621
anchor text, 463
AND-OR graph, 257
And-Elimination, 250
And-Or-Graph-Search, 136
and-or tree, 135
And-Search, 136
Andersen, S. K., 552, 553, 1064
Anderson, C. R., 395, 433, 1091
Anderson, C. W., 855, 1065
Anderson, J. A., 761, 1075
Anderson, J. R., 13, 336, 555, 799, 1064, 1085
and node, 135
Andoni, A., 760, 1064
Andre, D., 156, 855, 856, 1064, 1070, 1079
Angelic-Search, 414
angelic semantics, 431
answer literal, 350
answer set programming, 359
antecedent, 244
Anthony, M., 762, 1064
anytime algorithm, 1048
Aoki, M., 686, 1064
aortic coarctation, 634
apparent motion, 940
appearance, 942
appearance model, 959
Appel, K., 227, 1064
Appelt, D., 884, 921, 1064, 1075, 1076
Append, 341
applicable, 67, 368, 375
apprenticeship learning, 857, 1037
approximate near-neighbors, 741
Apt, K. R., 228, 230, 1064
Apte, C., 884, 1064
Arbuthnot, J., 504, 1064
arc consistency, 208
Archibald, C., 195, 1064
architecture, 46
     agent, 26, 1047
     cognitive, 336
     for speech recognition, 25
     hybrid, 1003, 1047
     parallel, 112
     pipeline, 1005
     reflective, 1048
     rule-based, 336
     three-layer, 1004
arc reversal, 559
Arentoft, M. M., 432, 1064
argmax, 166, 1059
argument
     from disability, 1021-1022
     from informality, 1024-1025
Ariely, D., 619, 638, 1064
Aristotle, 4-7, 10, 59, 60, 275, 313, 468, 469, 471, 758, 966, 1041
arity, 292, 332
Arkin, R., 1013, 1064
Arlazarov, V. L., 192, 1064
Armando, A., 279, 1064
Arnauld, A., 7, 636, 1064
Arora, S., 110, 1064
ARPAbet, 914
artificial flight, 3
Artificial General Intelligence, 27
artificial intelligence, 1, 1-1052
     applications of, 28-29
     conferences, 31
     foundations, 5-16, 845
     future of, 1051-1052
     goals of, 1049-1051
     history of, 16-28
     journals, 31
     philosophy of, 1020-1043
     possibility of, 1020-1025
     programming language, 19
     real-time, 1047
     societies, 31
     strong, 1020, 1026-1033, 1040
     subfields, 1
     as universal field, 1
     weak, 1020, 1040
artificial life, 155
artificial urea, 1027
Arunachalam, R., 688, 1064
Asada, M., 195, 1014, 1078
asbestos removal, 615
Ashby, W. R., 15, 1064
Asimov, I., 1011, 1038, 1064
AskMSR, 872, 873, 885
assertion (logical), 301
assignment (in a CSP), 203
associative memory, 762
assumption, 462
Astrom, K. J., 156, 686, 1064
astronomer, 562
asymptotic analysis, 1054, 1053-1054
asymptotic bounded optimality, 1050
Atanasoff, J., 14
Atkeson, C. G., 854, 1083
Atkin, L. R., 110, 1089
atom, 295
atomic representation, 57, 64
atomic sentence, 244, 295, 294-295, 299
attribute, 58
attribute-based extraction, 874
auction, 679
     ascending-bid, 679
     Dutch, 692
     English, 679
     first-price, 681
     sealed-bid, 681
          second-price, 681
     truth-revealing, 680
     Vickrey, 681
Audi, R., 1042, 1064
Auer, S., 439, 469, 1066
augmentation, 919
augmented finite state machine (AFSM), 1003
augmented grammar, 897
Aura, 356, 360
Austin, G. A., 798, 1067
Australia, 203, 204, 216
authority, 872
Autoclass, 826
automata, 1035, 1041
automated debugging, 800
automated taxi, 40, 56, 236, 480, 694, 695, 1047
automobile insurance, 621
Auton, L. D., 277, 1069
autonomic computing, 60
autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), 972
autonomy, 39
average reward, 650
Axelrod, R., 687, 1064
axiom, 235, 302
     action exclusion, 273, 428
     of Chinese room, 1032
     decomposability, 614
     domain-specific, 439
     effect axiom, 266
     frame axiom, 267
     Kolmogorov's, 489
     of number theory, 303
     of probability, 489
     Peano, 303, 313, 333
     precondition, 273
     of probability, 488-490, 1057
     of set theory, 304
     successor-state, 267, 279, 389
     of utility theory, 613
     wumpus world, 305
axon, 11

B

b* (branching factor), 103
B* search, 191
Baader, F., 359, 471, 1064
Babbage, C., 14, 190
Bacchus, F., 228, 230, 505, 555, 638, 1064, 1065
bachelor, 441
Bachmann, P. G. H., 1059, 1065
Back-Prop-Learning, 734
back-propagation, 22, 24, 733-736, 761
backgammon, 177-178, 186, 194, 846, 850
background knowledge, 235, 349, 777, 1024, 1025
background subtraction, 961
backing up (in a search tree), 99, 165
backjumping, 219, 229
backmarking, 229
backoff model, 863
Backtrack, 215
backtracking
     chronological, 218
     dependency-directed, 229
     dynamic, 229
     intelligent, 218-220, 262
Backtracking-Search, 215
backtracking search, 87, 215, 218-220, 222, 227
Backus, J. W., 919, 1065
Backus-Naur form (BNF), 1060
backward chaining, 257, 259, 275, 337-345, 358
backward search for planning, 374-376
Bacon, F., 6
bagging, 760
Bagnell, J. A., 852, 1013, 1065
bag of words, 866, 883
Baird, L. C. I., 685, 1092
Baker, J., 920, 922, 1065
Balashek, S., 922, 1070
Baldi, P., 604, 1065
Baldwin, J. M., 130, 1065
Ball, M., 396, 1091
Ballard, B. W., 191, 200, 1065
Baluja, S., 155, 968, 1065, 1087
Bancilhon, F., 358, 1065
bandit problem, 840, 855
Banerji, R., 776, 799, 1082
bang-bang control, 851
Bangera, R., 688, 1092
Banko, M., 28, 439, 469, 756, 759, 872, 881, 885, 1065, 1072
Bar-Hillel, Y., 920, 922, 1065
Bar-Shalom, Y., 604, 606, 1065
Barifaijo, E., 422, 1077
Barry, M., 553, 1076
Bartak, R., 230, 1065
Bartlett, F., 13
Bartlett, P., 762, 855, 1064, 1065
Barto, A. G., 157, 685, 854, 855, 857, 1065, 1067, 1090
Barwise, J., 280, 314, 1065
baseline, 950
basic groups, 875
Basin, D. A., 191, 1072
basis function, 845
Basye, K., 1012, 1070
Bates, E., 921, 1071
Bates, M. A., 14, 192, 1090
Batman, 435
bats, 435
Baum, E., 128, 191, 761, 762, 1065
Baum, L. E., 604, 826, 1065
Baumert, L., 228, 1074
Baxter, J., 855, 1065
Bayardo, R. J., 229, 230, 277, 1065
Bayer, K. M., 228, 1086
Bayerl, S., 359, 1080
Bayes' rule, 9, 495, 495-497, 503, 508
Bayes, T., 495, 504, 1065
Bayes-Nash equilibrium, 678
Bayesian, 491
Bayesian classifier, 499
Bayesian learning, 752, 803, 803-804, 825
Bayesian network, 26, 510, 510-517, 551, 565, 827
     dynamic, 590, 590-599
     hybrid, 520, 552
     inference in, 522-530
     learning hidden variables in, 824
     learning in, 813-814
     multi-entity, 556
Bayes Net toolkit, 558
Beal, D. F., 191, 1065
Beal, J., 27, 1065
Beame, P., 277, 1064
beam search, 125, 174
Bear, J., 884, 1075
Beber, G., 30, 1071
Beckert, B., 359, 1065
beer factory scheduling, 434
Beeri, C., 229, 1065
beetle, dung, 39, 61, 424, 1004
behaviorism, 12, 15, 60
Bekey, G., 1014, 1065
belief, 450, 453
     degree of, 482, 489
     desires and, 610-611
belief function, 549
belief network, see Bayesian network
belief propagation, 555
belief revision, 460
belief state, 138, 269, 415, 480
     in game theory, 675
     probabalistic, 566, 570
     wiggly, 271
belief update, 460
Bell, C., 408, 431, 1065
Bell, D. A., 826, 1068
Bell, J. L., 314, 1065
Bell, T. C., 883, 884, 1092
Belle, 192
Bell Labs, 922
Bellman, R. E., 2, 10, 109, 110, 194, 652, 685, 760, 1065
Bellman equation, 652
Bellman update, 652
Belongie, S., 755, 762, 1065
Ben-Tal, A., 155, 1065
benchmarking, 1053
Bendix, P. B., 359, 1078
Bengio, S., 604, 1089
Bengio, Y., 760, 1047, 1065
BenInq, 472
Bennett, B., 473, 1069
Bennett, F. H., 156, 1079
Bennett, J., 360, 1074
Bentham, J., 637, 1065
Berger, H., 11
Berger, J. O., 827, 1065
Berkson, J., 554, 1065
Berlekamp, E. R., 113, 186, 1065
Berleur, J., 1034, 1065
Berliner, H. J., 191, 194, 198, 1065
Bernardo, J. M., 811, 1065
Berners-Lee, T., 469, 1065
Bernoulli, D., 617, 637, 1065
Bernoulli, J., 9, 504
Bernoulli, N., 641
Bernstein, A., 192, 1065
Bernstein, P. L., 506, 691, 1065
Berrou, C., 555, 1065
Berry, C., 14
Berry, D. A., 855, 1065
Bertele, U., 553, 1066
Bertoli, P., 433, 1066
Bertot, Y., 359, 1066
Bertsekas, D., 60, 506, 685, 857, 1059, 1066
BESM, 192
Bessiere, C., 228, 1066
best-first search, 92, 108
best possible prize, 615
beta distribution, 592, 811
Betlem, H., 422, 1077
Betlem, J., 422, 1077
betting game, 490
Bezzel, M., 109
BGBlitz, 194
Bhar, R., 604, 1066
Bialik, H. N., 908
bias, declarative, 787
Bibel, W., 359, 360, 1066, 1080
Bickford, M., 356, 1089
biconditional, 244
Biddulph, R., 922, 1070
bidirectional search, 90-112
Bidlack, C., 1013, 1069
Biere, A., 278, 1066
Bigelow, J., 15, 1087
Bigham, J., 885, 1085
bilingual corpus, 910
billiards, 195
Billings, D., 678, 687, 1066
Bilmes, J., 604, 1080, 1086
binary decision diagram, 395
binary resolution, 347
Binder, J., 604, 605, 826, 1066, 1087
binding list, 301
Binford, T. O., 967, 1066
Binmore, K., 687, 1066
binocular stereopsis, 949, 949-964
binomial nomenclature, 469
bioinformatics, 884
biological naturalism, 1031
Birbeck, M., 469, 1064
Bishop, C. M., 155, 554, 759, 762, 763, 827, 1066
Bishop, M., 1042, 1086
Bishop, R. H., 60, 1071
Bisson, T., 1042, 1066
Bistarelli, S., 228, 1066
Bitman, A. R., 192, 1064
Bitner, J. R., 228, 1066
Bizer, C., 439, 469, 1066
Bjornsson, Y., 194, 1088
BKG (backgammon program), 194
Blackbox, 395
Blake, A., 605, 1077
Blakeslee, S., 1047, 1075
Blazewicz, J., 432, 1066
Blei, D. M., 883, 1066
Blinder, A. S., 691, 1066
blind search, see search, uninformed
Bliss, C. I., 554, 1066
Block, H. D., 20, 1066
blocks world, 20, 23, 370, 370-371, 472
Blog, 556
bluff, 184
Blum, A. L., 395, 752, 761, 885, 1066
Blumer, A., 759, 1066
BM25 scoring function, 868, 884
BNF (Backus-Naur form), 1060
BO, 1050
Bobick, A., 604, 1077
Bobrow, D. G., 19, 884, 1066
Boddy, M., 156, 433, 1048, 1070, 1074
Boden, M. A., 275, 1042, 1066
body (of Horn clause), 256
boid, 429, 435
Bolognesi, A., 192, 1066
Boltzmann machine, 763
Bonaparte, N., 190
Boneh, D., 128, 1065
Bonet, B., 156, 394, 395, 433, 686, 1066, 1075
Bongard, J., 1041, 1085
Boole, G., 7, 8, 276, 1066
Boolean keyword model, 867
boosting, 749, 760
Booth, J. W., 872
Booth, T. L., 919, 1066
bootstrap, 27, 760
Borel, E., 687, 1066
Borenstein, J., 1012, 1013, 1066
Borgida, A., 457, 471, 1066
Boroditsky, L., 287, 1066
Boser, B., 760, 762, 1066, 1080
Boss, 28, 1007, 1008, 1014
Bosse, M., 1012, 1066
Botea, A., 395, 1075
Bottou, L., 762, 967, 1080
boundary set, 774
bounded optimality (BO), 1050
bounded rationality, 1049
bounds consistent, 212
bounds propagation, 212
Bourlard, H., 604, 1089
Bourzutschky, M., 176, 1066
Boutilier, C., 434, 553, 686, 1066
Bouzy, B., 194, 1066
Bowden, B. V., 14, 192, 1090
Bower, G. H., 854, 1075
Bowerman, M., 314, 1066
Bowling, M., 687, 1066, 1091, 1093
Box, G. E. P., 155, 604, 1066
Boxes, 851
Boyan, J. A., 154, 854, 1066
Boyd, S., 155, 1066
Boyden, E., 11, 1074
Boyen, X., 605, 1066
Boyen-Koller algorithm, 605
Boyer, R. S., 356, 359, 360, 1066
Boyer-Moore theorem prover, 359, 360
Boyle, J., 360, 1092
Brachman, R. J., 457, 471, 473, 1066, 1067, 1080
Bradshaw, G. L., 800, 1079
Bradtke, S. J., 157, 685, 854, 855, 1065, 1067
Brady, J. M., 604, 1084
Brafman, O., 638, 1067
Brafman, R., 638, 1067
Brafman, R. I., 433, 434, 855, 1066, 1067, 1076
Brahmagupta, 227
brain, 16
     computational power, 12
     computer vs., 12
     damage, optimal, 737
     replacement, 1029-1031, 1043
     super, 9
     in a vat, 1028
brains cause minds, 11
Braitenberg, V., 1013, 1067
branching factor, 80, 783
     effective, 103, 111, 169
Bransford, J., 927, 1067
Brants, T., 29, 883, 921, 1067, 1072
Bratko, I., 112, 359, 793, 1067
Bratman, M. E., 60, 1041, 1067
Braverman, E., 760, 1064
Breadth-First-Search, 82
breadth-first search, 81, 81-83, 108, 408
Breese, J. S., 61, 553, 555, 639, 1048, 1067, 1076, 1091
Breiman, L., 758, 760, 1067
Brelaz, D., 228, 1067
Brent, R. P., 154, 1067
Bresina, J., 28, 1064
Bresnan, J., 920, 1067
Brewka, G., 472, 1067
Brey, R., 637, 1086
Brickley, D., 469, 1067
bridge (card game), 32, 186, 195
Bridge Baron, 189
Bridle, J. S., 761, 1067
Briggs, R., 468, 1067
brightness, 932
Brill, E., 28, 756, 759, 872, 885, 1065
Brin, D., 881, 885, 1036, 1067
Brin, S., 870, 880, 884, 1067
Bringsjord, S., 30, 1067
Brioschi, F., 553, 1066
Britain, 22, 24
Broadbent, D. E., 13, 1067
Broadhead, M., 885, 1065
Broca, P., 10
Brock, B., 360, 1076
Brokowski, M., 156, 1092
Brooks, M. J., 968, 1076
Brooks, R. A., 60, 275, 278, 434, 1003, 1012, 1013, 1041, 1067, 1085
Brouwer, P. S., 854, 1065
Brown, C., 230, 1067
Brown, J. S., 472, 800, 1070, 1080
Brown, K. C., 637, 1067
Brown, M., 604, 1079
Brown, P. F., 922, 1067
Brownston, L., 358, 1067
Bruce, V., 968, 1067
Brunelleschi, F., 966
Bruner, J. S., 798, 1067
Brunnstein, K., 1034, 1065
Brunot, A., 762, 967, 1080
Bryant, B. D., 435, 1067
Bryce, D., 157, 395, 433, 1067
Bryson, A. E., 22, 761, 1067
Buchanan, B. G., 22, 23, 61, 468, 557, 776, 799, 1067, 1072, 1080
Buckley, C., 870, 1089
Buehler, M., 1014, 1067
Bugs, 554, 555
Build, 472
Bulfin, R., 688, 1086
bunch, 442
Bundy, A., 799, 1091
Bunt, H. C., 470, 1067
Buntine, W., 800, 1083
Burch, N., 194, 678, 687, 1066, 1088
Burgard, W., 606, 1012-1014, 1067, 1068, 1072, 1088, 1090
Burges, C., 884, 1090
burglar alarm, 511-513
Burkhard, H.-D., 1014, 1091
Burns, C., 553, 1083
Buro, M., 175, 186, 1067
Burstein, J., 1022, 1067
Burton, R., 638, 1067
Buss, D. M., 638, 1067
Butler, S., 1042, 1067
Bylander, T., 393, 395, 1067
Byrd, R. H., 760, 1067

C

c (step cost), 68
Cabeza, R., 11, 1067
Cabral, J., 469, 1081
caching, 269
Cafarella, M. J., 885, 1065, 1067, 1072
Cajal, S., 10
cake, eating and having, 380
calculus, 131
calculus of variations, 155
Calvanese, D., 471, 1064, 1067
Cambefort, Y., 61, 1075
Cambridge, 13
camera
     digital, 930, 943
     for robots, 973
     pinhole, 930
     stereo, 949, 974
     time of flight, 974
     video, 929, 963
Cameron-Jones, R. M., 793, 1086
Campbell, M. S., 192, 1067, 1076
Campbell, W., 637, 1068
candidate elimination, 773
can machines think?, 1021
Canny, J., 967, 1013, 1068
Canny edge detection, 755, 967
canonical distribution, 518
canonical form, 80
Cantor, C. R., 553, 1093
Cantu-Paz, E., 155, 1085
Capek, K., 1011, 1037
Capen, E., 637, 1068
Caprara, A., 395, 1068
Carbone, R., 279, 1064
Carbonell, J. G., 27, 432, 799, 1068, 1075, 1091
Carbonell, J. R., 799, 1068
Cardano, G., 9, 194, 503, 1068
card games, 183
Carin, L., 686, 1077
Carlin, J. B., 827, 1073
Carlson, A., 288, 1082
Carmel, 1013
Carnap, R., 6, 490, 491, 504, 505, 555, 1068
Carnegie Mellon University, 17, 18
Carpenter, M., 432, 1070
Carreras, X., 920, 1079
Carroll, S., 155, 1068
Carson, D., 359, 1092
cart-pole problem, 851
Casati, R., 470, 1068
cascaded finite-state transducers, 875
case-based reasoning, 799
case agreement, 900
case folding, 870
case statement (in condition plans), 136
Cash, S. S., 288, 1087
Cassandra, A. R., 686, 1068, 1077
Cassandras, C. G., 60, 1068
Casteran, P., 359, 1066
Castro, R., 553, 1068
categorization, 865
category, 440, 440-445, 453
causal network, see Bayesian network
causal probability, 496
causal rule, 317, 517
causation, 246, 498
caveman, 778
Cazenave, T., 194, 1066
CCD (charge-coupled device), 930, 969
cell decomposition, 986, 989
     exact, 990
cell layout, 74
center (in mechanism design), 679
central limit theorem, 1058
cerebral cortex, 11
certainty effect, 620
certainty equivalent, 618
certainty factor, 23, 548, 557
Cesa-Bianchi, N., 761, 1068
Cesta, A., 28, 1068
CGP, 433
Chaff, 277
Chafin, B., 28, 1064
chain rule (for differentiation), 726
chain rule (for probabilities), 514
Chakrabarti, P. P., 112, 157, 1068, 1069
Chambers, R. A., 851, 854, 1082
chance node (decision network), 626
chance node (game tree), 177
chance of winning, 172
Chandra, A. K., 358, 1068
Chang, C.-L., 360, 1068
Chang, K.-M., 288, 1082
Chang, K. C., 554, 1073
channel routing, 74
Chapman, D., 394, 434, 1064, 1068
Chapman, N., 109
characters, 861
Charest, L., 28, 1064
charge-coupled device, 930, 969
Charniak, E., 2, 23, 358, 556, 557, 604, 920, 921, 1068
chart parser, 893, 919
Chase, A., 28, 1064
chatbot, 1021
Chater, N., 638, 1068, 1084
Chatfield, C., 604, 1068
Chatila, R., 1012, 1083
Chauvin, Y., 604, 1065
checkers, 18, 61, 186, 193, 850
checkmate
     accidental, 182
     guaranteed, 181
     probabilistic, 181
Cheeseman, P., 9, 26, 229, 277, 557, 826, 1012, 1068, 1089
Chekaluk, R., 1012, 1070
chemistry, 22
Chen, R., 605, 1080
Chen, S. F., 883, 1068
Chen, X., 395, 1091
Cheng, J., 554, 826, 1068
Cheng, J.-F., 555, 1082
Chervonenkis, A. Y., 759, 1091
chess, 172-173, 185-186
     automaton, 190
     history, 192
     prediction, 21
Chess, D. M., 60, 1078
Chess 4.5, 110
χ² pruning, 706
Chickering, D. M., 191, 826, 1075, 1079
Chien, S., 431, 1073
Child-Node, 79
Chill, 902
chimpanzee, 860
Chinese room, 1031-1033
Chinook, 186, 193, 194
Chklovski, T., 439, 1068
choice point, 340
Chomsky, C., 920, 1074
Chomsky, N., 13, 16, 883, 889, 919, 921, 923, 1068
Chomsky Normal Form, 893, 919
Chopra, S., 762, 1086
Choset, H., 1013, 1014, 1068
Choueiry, B. Y., 228, 1086
Christmas, 1026
chronicles, 470
chronological backtracking, 218
cHUGIN, 554
Chung, K. L., 1059, 1068
Chung, S., 278, 1092
chunking, 799
Church, A., 8, 314, 325, 358, 1068
Church, K., 883, 894, 920, 923, 1068
Churchland, P. M., 1042, 1068
Churchland, P. S., 1030, 1042, 1068
Ciancarini, P., 60, 192, 1066, 1068
Cigol, 800
Cimatti, A., 396, 433, 1066, 1068
circuit verification, 312
circumscription, 459, 468, 471
     prioritized, 459
city block distance, 103
Claessen, K., 360, 1090
clairvoyance, 184
Clamp, S. E., 505, 1070
Clapp, R., 637, 1068
Clark, A., 1025, 1041, 1068
Clark, K. L., 472, 1068
Clark, P., 800, 1068
Clark, S., 920, 1012, 1068, 1071
Clark completion, 472
Clarke, A. C., 552, 1034, 1068
Clarke, E., 395, 1068
Clarke, M. R. B., 195, 1068
Classic, 457, 458
classification (in description logic), 456
classification (in learning), 696
class probability, 764
clause, 253
Clearwater, S. H., 688, 1068
Clint, 800
Clocksin, W. F., 359, 1068
closed-world assumption, 299, 344, 417, 468, 541
closed class, 890
closed list, see explored set
CLP, 228, 345
CLP(R), 359
clustering, 553, 694, 817, 818
clustering (in Bayesian networks), 529, 529-530
clutter (in data association), 602
CMAC, 855
CMU, 922
CN2, 800
CNF (Conjunctive Normal Form), 253
CNLP, 433
co-NP, 1055
co-NP-complete, 247, 276, 1055
Coarfa, C., 278, 1068
coarticulation, 913, 917
coastal navigation, 994
Coates, A., 857, 1068
Coates, M., 553, 1068
Cobham, A., 8, 1068
Cocke, J., 922, 1067
coercion, 416
cognitive
     architecture, 336
cognitive architecture, 336
cognitive modeling, 3
cognitive psychology, 13
cognitive science, 3
Cohen, B., 277, 1088
Cohen, C., 1013, 1069
Cohen, P. R., 25, 30, 434, 1069
Cohen, W. W., 800, 1069
Cohn, A. G., 473, 1069
coin flip, 548, 549, 641
Colbert, 1013
Collin, Z., 230, 1069
Collins, A. M., 799, 1068
Collins, F. S., 27, 1069
Collins, M., 760, 920, 921, 1069, 1079, 1093
collusion, 680
Colmerauer, A., 314, 358, 359, 919, 1069
Colombano, S. P., 155, 1080
color, 935
color constancy, 935
combinatorial explosion, 22
commitment
     epistemological, 289, 290, 313, 482
     ontological, 289, 313, 482, 547
common sense, 546
common value, 679
communication, 286, 429, 888
commutativity (in search problems), 214
Compagna, L., 279, 1064
competitive ratio, 148
compilation, 342, 1047
complementary literals, 252
complete-state formulation, 72
complete assignment, 203
complete data, 806
completeness
     of inference, 247
     of a proof procedure, 242, 274
     of resolution, 350-353
     of a search algorithm, 80, 108
completing the square, 586
completion (of a data base), 344
complexity, 1053-1055
     sample, 715
     space, 80, 108
     time, 80, 108
complexity analysis, 1054
complex phrases, 876
complex sentence, 244, 295
complex words, 875
compliant motion, 986, 995
component (of mixture distribution), 817
composite decision process, 111
composite object, 442
compositionality, 286
compositional semantics, 901
compression, 846
computability, 8
computational learning theory, 713, 714, 762
computational linguistics, 16
computer, 13-14
     brain vs., 12
computer vision, 3, 12, 20, 228, 929-965
conclusion (of an implication), 244
concurrent action list, 428
condensation, 605
Condie, T., 275, 1080
condition-action rule, 633
conditional distributions, 518
conditional effect, 419
conditional Gaussian, 521
conditional independence, 498, 502, 503, 517-523, 551, 574
conditional plan, 660
conditional probability, 485, 503, 514
conditional probability table (CPT), 512
conditional random field (CRF), 878
conditioning, 492
conditioning case, 512
Condon, J. H., 192, 1069
configuration space, 986, 987
confirmation theory, 6, 505
conflict-directed backjumping, 219, 227
conflict clause learning, 262
conflict set, 219
conformant planning, 415, 417-421, 431, 433, 994
Congdon, C. B., 1013, 1069
conjugate prior, 811
conjunct, 244
conjunction (logic), 244
conjunctive normal form, 253, 253-254, 275, 345-347
conjunct ordering, 333
Conlisk, J., 638, 1069
connected component, 222
Connect Four, 194
connectionism, 24, 727
connective, logical, 16, 244, 274, 295
Connell, J., 1013, 1069
consciousness, 10, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1033, 1033
consequent, 244
conservative approximation, 271, 419
consistency, 105, 456, 769
     arc, 208
     of a CSP assignment, 203
     of a heuristic, 95
     path, 210, 228
consistency condition, 110
Consistent-Det?, 786
consistent estimation, 531
Console, L., 60, 1074
Consortium, T. G. O., 469, 1069
conspiracy number, 191
constant symbol, 292, 294
constraint
     binary, 206
     global, 206, 211
     nonlinear, 205
     preference constraint, 207
     propagation, 208, 214, 217
     resource constraint, 212
     symmetry-breaking, 226
     unary, 206
constraint-based generalization, 799
constraint graph, 203, 223
constraint hypergraph, 206
constraint language, 205
constraint learning, 220, 229
constraint logic programming, 344-345, 359
constraint logic programming (CLP), 228, 345
constraint optimization problem, 207
constraint satisfaction problem (CSP), 20, 202, 202-207
constraint weighting, 222
constructive induction, 791
consumable resource, 402
context, 286
context-free grammar, 889, 918, 919, 1060
context-sensitive grammar, 889
contingencies, 161
contingency planning, 133, 415, 421-422, 431
continuation, 341
continuity (of preferences), 612
continuous domains, 206
contour (in an image), 948, 953-954
contour (of a state space), 97
contraction mapping, 654
contradiction, 250
controller, 59, 997
control theory, 15, 15, 60, 155, 393, 761, 851, 964, 998
     adaptive, 833, 854
     robust, 836
control uncertainty, 996
convention, 429
conversion to normal form, 345-347
convexity, 133
convex optimization, 133, 153
Convince, 552
convolution, 938
Conway, J. H., 113, 1065
Cook, P. J., 1035, 1072
Cook, S. A., 8, 276, 278, 1059, 1069
Cooper, G., 554, 826, 1069
cooperation, 428
coordinate frame, 956
coordination, 426, 430
coordination game, 670
Copeland, J., 470, 1042, 1069
Copernicus., 1035, 1069
Coq, 227, 359
Cormen, T. H., 1059, 1069
corpus, 861
correlated sampling, 850
Cortellessa, G., 28, 1068
Cortes, C., 760, 762, 967, 1069, 1080
cotraining, 881, 885
count noun, 445
Cournot, A., 687, 1069
Cournot competition, 678
covariance, 1059
covariance matrix, 1058, 1059
Cover, T., 763, 1069
Cowan, J. D., 20, 761, 1069, 1092
Coward, N., 1022
Cowell, R., 639, 826, 1069, 1089
Cox, I., 606, 1012, 1069
Cox, R. T., 490, 504, 505, 1069
CPCS, 519, 552
CPlan, 395
CPSC, ix
CPT, 512
Craig, J., 1013, 1069
Craik, K. J., 13, 1069
Crammer, K., 761, 1071
Craswell, N., 884, 1069
Crato, N., 229, 1074
Crauser, A., 112, 1069
Craven, M., 885, 1069
Crawford, J. M., 277, 1069
creativity, 16
Cremers, A. B., 606, 1012, 1067, 1088
Cresswell, M. J., 470, 1076
CRF, 878
Crick, F. H. C., 130, 1091
Cristianini, N., 760, 1069
critic (in learning), 55
critical path, 403
Crocker, S. D., 192, 1074
Crockett, L., 279, 1069
Croft, B., 884, 1069
Croft, W. B., 884, 885, 1085
Cross, S. E., 29, 1069
Cross-Validation, 710
cross-validation, 708, 737, 759, 767
Cross-Validation-Wrapper, 710
crossover, 128, 153
crossword puzzle, 44, 231
Cruse, D. A., 870, 1069
cryptarithmetic, 206
Csorba, M., 1012, 1071
Cuellar, J., 279, 1064
Culberson, J., 107, 112, 1069, 1092
culling, 128
Cullingford, R. E., 23, 1069
cult of computationalism, 1020
Cummins, D., 638, 1069
cumulative distribution, 564, 623, 1058
cumulative learning, 791, 797
cumulative probability density function, 1058
curiosity, 842
Curran, J. R., 920, 1068
current-best-hypothesis, 770, 798
Current-Best-Learning, 771
Currie, K. W., 432, 1073
curse
     of dimensionality, 739, 760, 989, 997
     optimizer's, 619, 637
     winner's, 637
Cushing, W., 432, 1069
cutoff test, 171
cutset
     conditioning, 225, 227, 554
cutset, cycle, 225
cutset conditioning, 225, 227, 554
Cybenko, G., 762, 1069
CyberLover, 1021
cybernetics, 15, 15
CYC, 439, 469, 470
cyclic solution, 137
Cyganiak, R., 439, 469, 1066
CYK-Parse, 894
CYK algorithm, 893, 919

D

D'Ambrosio, B., 553, 1088
d-separation, 517
DAG, 511, 552
Daganzo, C., 554, 1069
Dagum, P., 554, 1069
Dahy, S. A., 723, 724, 1078
Dalal, N., 946, 968, 1069
Dalton, 800
Damerau, F., 884, 1064
Daniels, C. J., 112, 1081
Danish, 907
Dantzig, G. B., 155, 1069
DarkThought, 192
DARPA, 29, 922
DARPA Grand Challenge, 1007, 1014
Dartmouth workshop, 17, 18
Darwiche, A., 277, 517, 554, 557, 558, 1069, 1085
Darwin, C., 130, 1035, 1069
Dasgupta, P., 157, 1069
data-driven, 258
data association, 599, 982
database, 299
database semantics, 300, 343, 367, 540
data complexity, 334
data compression, 866
Datalog, 331, 357, 358
data matrix, 721
data mining, 26
data sparsity, 888
dative case, 899
Daun, B., 432, 1070
Davidson, A., 678, 687, 1066
Davidson, D., 470, 1069
Davies, T. R., 784, 799, 1069
Davis, E., 469-473, 1069, 1070
Davis, G., 432, 1070
Davis, K. H., 922, 1070
Davis, M., 260, 276, 350, 358, 1070
Davis, R., 800, 1070
Davis-Putnam algorithm, 260
Dawid, A. P., 553, 639, 826, 1069, 1080, 1089
Dayan, P., 763, 854, 855, 1070, 1083, 1088
da Vinci, L., 5, 966
DBN, 566, 590, 590-599, 603, 604, 646, 664
DBpedia, 439, 469
DCG, 898, 919
DDN (dynamic decision network), 664, 685
Deacon, T. W., 25, 1070
dead end, 149
Deale, M., 432, 1070
Dean, J., 29, 921, 1067
Dean, M. E., 279, 1084
Dean, T., 431, 557, 604, 686, 1012, 1013, 1048, 1070
Dearden, R., 686, 855, 1066, 1070
Debevec, P., 968, 1070
Debreu, G., 625, 1070
debugging, 308
Dechter, R., 110, 111, 228-230, 553, 1069, 1070, 1076, 1085
decision
     rational, 481, 610, 633
     sequential, 629, 645
Decision-List-Learning, 717
Decision-Tree-Learning, 702
decision analysis, 633
decision boundary, 723
decision list, 715
decision maker, 633
decision network, 510, 610, 626, 626-628, 636, 639, 664
     dynamic, 664, 685
     evaluation of, 628
decision node, 626
decision stump, 750
decision theory, 9, 26, 483, 636
decision tree, 638, 697, 698
     expressiveness, 698
     pruning, 705
declarative, 286
declarative bias, 787
declarativism, 236, 275
decomposability (of lotteries), 613
Decompose, 414
decomposition, 378
DeCoste, D., 760, 762, 1070
Dedekind, R., 313, 1070
deduction, see logical inference
deduction theorem, 249
deductive database, 336, 357, 358
deductive learning, 694
deep belief networks, 1047
Deep Blue, ix, 29, 185, 192
Deep Fritz, 193
Deep Space One, 60, 392, 432
Deep Thought, 192
Deerwester, S. C., 883, 1070
default logic, 459, 468, 471
default reasoning, 458-460, 547
default value, 456
de Finetti's theorem, 490
definite clause, 256, 330-331
definition (logical), 302
deformable template, 957
degree heuristic, 216, 228, 261
degree of belief, 482, 489
     interval-valued, 547
degree of freedom, 975
degree of truth, 289
DeGroot, M. H., 506, 827, 1070
DeJong, G., 799, 884, 1070
delete list, 368
Delgrande, J., 471, 1070
deliberative layer, 1005
Dellaert, F., 195, 1012, 1072, 1091
Della Pietra, S. A., 922, 1067
Della Pietra, V. J., 922, 1067
delta rule, 846
Del Favero, B. A., 553, 1088
Del Moral, P., 605, 1070
demodulation, 354, 359, 364
Demopoulos, D., 278, 1068
De Morgan's rules, 298
De Morgan, A., 227, 313
Dempster, A. P., 557, 604, 826, 1070
Dempster-Shafer theory, 547, 549, 549-550, 557
Dendral, 22, 23, 468
dendrite, 11
Deng, X., 157, 1070
Denis, F., 921, 1070
Denis, M., 28, 1068
Denker, J., 762, 967, 1080
Dennett, D. C., 1024, 1032, 1033, 1042, 1070
Denney, E., 360, 1071
density estimation, 806
     nonparametric, 814
DeOliveira, J., 469, 1081
depth-first search, 85, 85-87, 108, 408
Depth-Limited-Search, 88
depth limit, 173
depth of field, 932
derivational analogy, 799
derived sentences, 242
Descartes, R., 6, 966, 1027, 1041, 1071
descendant (in Bayesian networks), 517
Descotte, Y., 432, 1071
description logic, 454, 456, 456-458, 468, 471
descriptive theory, 619
detachment, 547
detailed balance, 537
detection failure (in data association), 602
determination, 784, 799, 801
     minimal, 787
deterministic environment, 43
deterministic node, 518
Detwarasiti, A., 639, 1071
Deville, Y., 228, 1091
Deviser, 431
Devroye, L., 827, 1071
Dewey Decimal system, 440
de Bruin, A., 191, 1085
de Dombal, F. T., 505, 1070
de Finetti, B., 489, 504, 1070
de Freitas, J. F. G., 605, 1070
de Freitas, N., 605, 1071
de Kleer, J., 229, 358, 472, 1070, 1072, 1091
de Marcken, C., 921, 1070
De Morgan, A., 1070
De Raedt, L., 800, 921, 1070, 1083
de Salvo Braz, R., 556, 1070
de Sarkar, S. C., 112, 157, 1068, 1069
Diaconis, P., 620
diagnosis, 481, 496, 497, 909
     dental, 481
     medical, 23, 505, 517, 548, 629, 1036
diagnostic rule, 317, 517
dialysis, 616
diameter (of a graph), 88
Dias, W., 28, 1064
Dickmanns, E. D., 1014, 1071
dictionary, 21
Dietterich, T., 799, 856, 1064, 1071
Difference Engine, 14
differential drive, 976
differential equation, 997
     stochastic, 567
differential GPS, 975
differentiation, 780
diffuse albedo, 934
diffuse reflection, 933
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 24, 336
digit recognition, 753-755
Dijkstra, E. W., 110, 1021, 1071
Dill, D. L., 279, 1084
Dillenburg, J. F., 111, 1071
Dimopoulos, Y., 395, 1078
Dinh, H., 111, 1071
Diophantine equations, 227
Diophantus, 227
Diorio, C., 604, 1086
DiPasquo, D., 885, 1069
Diplomacy, 166
directed acyclic graph (DAG), 511, 552
directed arc consistency, 223
direct utility estimation, 853
Dirichlet distribution, 811
Dirichlet process, 827
disabilities, 1043
disambiguation, 904-912, 919
discontinuities, 936
discount factor, 649, 685, 833
discovery system, 800
discrete event, 447
discretization, 131, 519
discriminative model, 878
disjoint sets, 441
disjunct, 244
disjunction, 244
disjunctive constraint, 205
disjunctive normal form, 283
disparity, 949
Dissanayake, G., 1012, 1071
distant point light source, 934
distortion, 910
distribute (or over and), 254, 347
distributed constraint satisfaction, 230
distribution
     beta, 592, 811
     conditional, nonparametric, 520
     cumulative, 564, 623, 1058
     mixture, 817
divide-and-conquer, 606
Dix, J., 472, 1067
Dizdarevic, S., 158, 1080
dlv, 472
DNF (disjunctive normal form), 283
Do, M. B., 390, 431, 1071
Doctorow, C., 470, 1071
DOF, 975
dolphin, 860
domain, 486
     continuous, 206
     element of, 290
     finite, 205, 344
     infinite, 205
     in first-order logic, 290
     in knowledge representation, 300
domain closure, 299, 540
dominance
     stochastic, 622, 636
     strict, 622
dominant strategy, 668, 680
dominant strategy equilibrium, 668
dominated plan (in POMDP), 662
domination (of heuristics), 104
Domingos, P., 505, 556, 826, 1071
Domshlak, C., 395, 434, 1067, 1076
Donati, A., 28, 1068
Donninger, C., 193, 1071
Doorenbos, R., 358, 1071
Doran, J., 110, 111, 1071
Dorf, R. C., 60, 1071
Doucet, A., 605, 1070, 1071
Dow, R. J. F., 762, 1088
Dowling, W. F., 277, 1071
Downey, D., 885, 1072
downward refinement property, 410
Dowty, D., 920, 1071
Doyle, J., 60, 229, 471, 472, 638, 1071, 1082, 1092
DPLL, 261, 277, 494
DPLL-Satisfiable?, 261
Drabble, B., 432, 1071
Dragon, 922
Draper, D., 433, 1072
Drebbel, C., 15
Dredze, M., 761, 1071
Dreussi, J., 432, 1088
Dreyfus, H. L., 279, 1024, 1049, 1071
Dreyfus, S. E., 109, 110, 685, 1024, 1065, 1071
Driessens, K., 857, 1090
drilling rights, 629
drone, 1009
dropping conditions, 772
Drucker, H., 762, 967, 1080
Druzdzel, M. J., 554, 1068
DT-Agent, 484
dual graph, 206
dualism, 6, 1027, 1041
Dubois, D., 557, 1071
Dubois, O., 277, 1089
duck, mechanical, 1011
Duda, R. O., 505, 557, 763, 825, 827, 1071
Dudek, G., 1014, 1071
Duffy, D., 360, 1071
Duffy, K., 760, 1069
Dumais, S. T., 29, 872, 883, 885, 1065, 1070, 1087
dung beetle, 39, 61, 424, 1004
Dunham, B., 21, 1072
Dunham, C., 358, 1090
Dunn, H. L., 556, 1071
DuPont, 24
duration, 402
Dürer, A., 966
Durfee, E. H., 434, 1071
Durme, B. V., 885, 1071
Durrant-Whyte, H., 1012, 1071, 1080
Dyer, M., 23, 1071
dynamical systems, 603
dynamic backtracking, 229
dynamic Bayesian network (DBN), 566, 590, 590-599, 603, 604, 646, 664
dynamic decision network, 664, 685
dynamic environment, 44
dynamic programming, 60, 106, 110, 111, 342, 575, 685
     adaptive, 834, 834-835, 853, 858
     nonserial, 553
dynamic state, 975
dynamic weighting, 111
Dyson, G., 1042, 1071
dystopia, 1052
D¨zeroski, S., 796, 800, 1071, 1078, 1080

E

E, 359
E (English fragment), 890
Earley, J., 920, 1071
early stopping, 706
earthquake, 511
Eastlake, D. E., 192, 1074
EBL, 432, 778, 780-784, 798, 799
Ecker, K., 432, 1066
Eckert, J., 14
economics, 9-10, 59, 616
Edelkamp, S., 111, 112, 395, 1071, 1079
edge (in an image), 936
edge detection, 936-939
Edinburgh, 800, 1012
Edmonds, D., 16
Edmonds, J., 8, 1071
Edwards, D. J., 191, 1075
Edwards, P., 1042, 1071
Edwards, W., 637, 1091
EEG, 11
Een, N., 277, 1071
effect, 367
     missing, 423
     negative, 398
effector, 971
efficient auction, 680
Efros, A. A., 28, 955, 968, 1075, 1076
Ehrenfeucht, A., 759, 1066
8-puzzle, 70, 102, 105, 109, 113
8-queens problem, 71, 109
Einstein, A., 1
Eisner, J., 920, 1089
Eitelman, S., 358, 1090
Eiter, T., 472, 1071
Ekart, A., 155, 1086
electric motor, 977
electronic circuits domain, 309-312
Elfes, A., 1012, 1083
Elimination-Ask, 528
Elio, R., 638, 1071
Elisseeff, A., 759, 1074
Eliza, 1021, 1035
Elkan, C., 551, 826, 1071
Ellington, C., 1045, 1072
Elliot, G. L., 228, 1075
Elliott, P., 278, 1092
Ellsberg, D., 638, 1071
Ellsberg paradox, 620
Elman, J., 921, 1071
EM algorithm, 571, 816-824
     structural, 824
embodied cognition, 1026
emergent behavior, 430, 1002
EMNLP, 923
empirical gradient, 132, 849
empirical loss, 712
empiricism, 6, 923
Empson, W., 921, 1071
EMV (expected monetary value), 616
Enderton, H. B., 314, 358, 1071
English, 21, 32
     fragment, 890
ENIAC, 14
ensemble learning, 748, 748-752
entailment, 240, 274
     inverse, 795
entailment constraint, 777, 789, 798
entropy, 703
Enumerate-All, 525
Enumeration-Ask, 525
environment, 34, 40-46
     artificial, 41
     class, 45
     competitive, 43
     continuous, 44
     cooperative, 43
     deterministic, 43
     discrete, 44
     dynamic, 44
     game-playing, 197, 858
     generator, 46
     history, 646
     known, 44
     multiagent, 42, 425
     nondeterministic, 43
     observable, 42
     one-shot, 43
     partially observable, 42
     properties, 42
     semidynamic, 44
     sequential, 43
     single-agent, 42
     static, 44
     stochastic, 43
     taxi, 40
     uncertain, 43
     unknown, 44
     unobservable, 42
EPAM (Elementary Perceiver And Memorizer), 758
Ephrati, E., 434, 1079
epiphenomenalism, 1030
episodic environment, 43
epistemological commitment, 289, 290, 313, 482
Epstein, R., 30, 1071
EQP, 360
equality, 353
equality (in logic), 299
equality symbol, 299
equilibrium, 183, 668
equivalence (logical), 249
Erdmann, M. A., 156, 1071
ergodic, 537
Ernst, G., 110, 1084
Ernst, H. A., 1012, 1071
Ernst, M., 395, 1071
Erol, K., 432, 1071, 1072
error (of a hypothesis), 708, 714
error function, 1058
error rate, 708
Essig, A., 505, 1074
Etchemendy, J., 280, 314, 1065
ethics, 1034-1040
Etzioni, A., 1036, 1072
Etzioni, O., 61, 433, 439, 469, 881, 885, 1036, 1050, 1065, 1072, 1079, 1091
Euclid, 8, 966
Eurisko, 800
Europe, 24
European Space Agency, 432
evaluation function, 92, 108, 162, 171-173, 845
     linear, 107
Evans, T. G., 19, 31, 1072
event, 446-447, 450
     atomic, 506
     discrete, 447
     exogenous, 423
     in probability, 484, 522
     liquid, 447
event calculus, 446, 447, 470, 903
Everett, B., 1012, 1066
evidence, 485, 802
     reversal, 605
evidence variable, 522
evolution, 130
     machine, 21
evolutionary psychology, 621
evolution strategies, 155
exceptions, 438, 456
exclusive or, 246, 766
execution, 66
execution monitoring, 422, 422-434
executive layer, 1004
exhaustive decomposition, 441
existence uncertainty, 541
existential graph, 454
Existential Instantiation, 323
Existential Introduction, 360
expansion (of states), 75
expectation, 1058
expected monetary value, 616
expected utility, 53, 61, 483, 610, 611, 616
expected value (in a game tree), 172, 178
expectiminimax, 178, 191
     complexity of, 179
expert system, 468, 633, 636, 800, 1036
     commercial, 336
     decision-theoretic, 633-636
     first, 23
     first commercial, 24
     HPP (Heuristic Programming Project), 23
     logical, 546
     medical, 557
     Prolog-based, 339
     with uncertainty, 26
explaining away, 548
explanation, 462, 781
explanation-based generalization, 187
explanation-based learning (EBL), 432, 778, 780-784, 798, 799
explanatory gap, 1033
exploitation, 839
exploration, 39, 147-154, 831, 839, 855
     safe, 149
exploration function, 842, 844
explored set, 77
expressiveness (of a representation scheme), 58
Extend-Example, 793
extended Kalman filter (EKF), 589, 982
extension (of a concept), 769
extension (of default theory), 460
extensive form, 674
externalities, 683
extrinsic property, 445
eyes, 928, 932, 966

F

fact, 256
factor (in variable elimination), 524
factored frontier, 605
factored representation, 58, 64, 202, 367, 486, 664, 694
factoring, 253, 347
Fagin, R., 229, 470, 477, 1065, 1072
Fahlman, S. E., 20, 472, 1072
failure model, 593
false alarm (in data association), 602
false negative, 770
false positive, 770
family tree, 788
Farrell, R., 358, 1067
Fast Diagonally Downward, 387
FastDownward, 395
FastForward, 379
FASTUS, 874, 875, 884
Faugeras, O., 968, 1072
Fearing, R. S., 1013, 1072
Featherstone, R., 1013, 1072
feature (in speech), 915
feature (of a state), 107, 172
feature extraction, 929
feature selection, 713, 866
feed-forward network, 729
feedback loop, 548
Feigenbaum, E. A., 22, 23, 468, 758, 1067, 1072, 1080
Feiten, W., 1012, 1066
Feldman, J., 639, 1072
Feldman, R., 799, 1089
Fellbaum, C., 921, 1072
Fellegi, I., 556, 1072
Felner, A., 107, 112, 395, 1072, 1079, 1092
Felzenszwalb, P., 156, 959, 1072
Feng, C., 800, 1083
Feng, L., 1012, 1066
Fergus, R., 741, 1090
Ferguson, T., 192, 827, 1072
Fermat, P., 9, 504
Ferraris, P., 433, 1072
Ferriss, T., 1035, 1072
FF, 379, 387, 392, 395
15-puzzle, 109
Fifth Generation project, 24
figure of speech, 905, 906
Fikes, R. E., 60, 156, 314, 367, 393, 432, 434, 471, 799, 1012, 1067, 1072
filtering, 145, 460, 571-573, 603, 659, 823, 856, 978, 1045
     assumed-density, 605
Fine, S., 604, 1072
finite-domain, 205, 344
finite-state automata, 874, 889
Finkelstein, L., 230, 1067
Finney, D. J., 554, 1072
Firby, R. J., 431, 1070
first-order logic, 285, 285-321
first-order probabilistic logic, 539-546
Firth, J., 923, 1072
Fischer, B., 360, 1071
Fischetti, M., 395, 1068
Fisher, R. A., 504, 1072
fitness (in genetic algorithms), 127
fitness landscape, 155
Fix, E., 760, 1072
fixation, 950
Fixed-Lag-Smoothing, 580
fixed-lag smoothing, 576
fixed point, 258, 331
Flannery, B. P., 155, 1086
flaw, 390
Floreano, D., 1045, 1072
fluent, 266, 275, 388, 449-450
fly eyes, 948, 963
FMP, see planning, fine-motion
fMRI, 11, 288
focal plane, 932
Focus, 799
focus of expansion, 948
Fogel, D. B., 156, 1072
Fogel, L. J., 156, 1072
Foil, 793
FOL-BC-Ask, 338
FOL-FC-Ask, 332
folk psychology, 473
Foo, N., 279, 1072
FOPC, see logic, first-order
Forbes, J., 855, 1072
Forbin, 431, 432
Forbus, K. D., 358, 472, 1072
force sensor, 975
Ford, K. M., 30, 1072
foreshortening, 952
Forestier, J.-P., 856, 1072
Forgy, C., 358, 1072
formulate, search, execute, 66
Forrest, S., 155, 1082
Forsyth, D., 960, 968, 1072, 1086
Fortmann, T. E., 604, 606, 1065
forward-backward, 575, 822
Forward-Backward, 576
forward chaining, 257, 257-259, 275, 277, 330-337, 358
forward checking, 217, 217-218
forward pruning, 174
forward search for planning, 373-374
four-color map problem, 227, 1023
Fourier, J., 227, 1072
Fowlkes, C., 941, 967, 1081
Fox, C., 638, 1072
Fox, D., 606, 1012, 1014, 1067, 1072, 1088, 1090
Fox, M. S., 395, 432, 1072
frame
     in representation, 24, 471
     in speech, 915
     problem
          inferential, 267, 279
frame problem, 266, 279
     inferential, 447
     representational, 267
framing effect, 621
Franco, J., 277, 1072
Frank, E., 763, 1092
Frank, I., 191, 1072
Frank, M., 231, 1073
Frank, R. H., 1035, 1072
Frankenstein, 1037
Franz, A., 883, 921, 1072
Fratini, S., 28, 1068
Freddy, 74, 156, 1012
Fredkin Prize, 192
Freeman, W., 555, 1091, 1092
free space, 988
free will, 6
Frege, G., 8, 276, 313, 357, 1072
Freitag, D., 877, 885, 1069, 1072
frequentism, 491
Freuder, E. C., 228-230, 1072, 1087
Freund, Y., 760, 1072
Friedberg, R. M., 21, 156, 1072
Friedgut, E., 278, 1073
Friedman, G. J., 155, 1073
Friedman, J., 758, 761, 763, 827, 1067, 1073, 1075
Friedman, N., 553, 558, 605, 826, 827, 855, 1066, 1070, 1073, 1078
Friendly AI, 27, 1039
Fristedt, B., 855, 1065
frontier, 75
Frost, D., 230, 1070
Fruhwirth, T., 230, 1073
Frump, 884
Fuchs, J. J., 432, 1073
Fudenberg, D., 688, 1073
Fukunaga, A. S., 431, 1073
fully observable, 658
function, 288
     total, 291
functional dependency, 784, 799
functionalism, 60, 1029, 1030, 1041, 1042
function approximation, 845, 847
function symbol, 292, 294
Fung, R., 554, 1073
Furnas, G. W., 883, 1070
Furst, M., 395, 1066
futility pruning, 185
fuzzy control, 550
fuzzy logic, 240, 289, 547, 550, 557
fuzzy set, 550, 557

G

g (path cost), 78
G-set, 774
Gödel number, 352
Gabor, Z. Z., 640
Gaddum, J. H., 554, 1073
Gaifman, H., 555, 1073
gain parameter, 998
gain ratio, 707, 765
gait, 1001
Gale, W. A., 883, 1068
Galileo, G., 1, 56, 796
Gallaire, H., 358, 1073
Gallier, J. H., 277, 314, 1071, 1073
Gamba, A., 761, 1073
Gamba perceptrons, 761
Gamberini, L., 761, 1073
gambling, 9, 613
game, 9, 161
     of chance, 177-180
     dice, 183
     Go, 186, 194
     of imperfect information, 162
     inspection game, 666
     multiplayer, 165-167
     Othello, 186
     partially observable, 180-184
     of perfect information, 161
     poker, 507
     pursuit-evasion, 196
     repeated, 669, 673
     robot (with humans), 1019
     Scrabble, 187, 195
     zero-sum, 161, 162, 199, 670
game playing, 161-162, 190
game programs, 185-187
Gamer, 387
game show, 616
game theory, 9, 161, 645, 666, 666-678, 685
     combinatorial, 186
game tree, 162
Gamma function, 828
Garding, J., 968, 1073
Gardner, M., 276, 1073
Garey, M. R., 1059, 1073
Garg, A., 604, 1084
Gari, 432
Garofalakis, M., 275, 1080
Garrett, C., 128, 1065
Gaschnig's heuristic, 119
Gaschnig, J., 111, 119, 228, 229, 557, 1071, 1073
Gasquet, A., 432, 1073
Gasser, R., 112, 194, 1073
Gat, E., 1013, 1073
gate (logic), 309
Gauss, C. F., 227, 603, 759, 1073
Gauss, K. F., 109
Gaussian distribution, 1058
     multivariate, 584, 1058
Gaussian error model, 592
Gaussian filter, 938
Gaussian process, 827
Gawande, A., 1036, 1073
Gawron, J. M., 922, 1078
Gay, D. E., 275, 1080
Gearhart, C., 686, 1074
Gee, A. H., 605, 1070
Geffner, H., 156, 394, 395, 431, 433, 1066, 1075, 1084
Geiger, D., 553, 826, 1073, 1075
Geisel, T., 864, 1073
Gelatt, C. D., 155, 229, 1078
Gelb, A., 604, 1073
Gelder, A. V., 360, 1090
Gelernter, H., 18, 359, 1073
Gelfond, M., 359, 472, 1073
Gelly, S., 194, 1073, 1091
Gelman, A., 827, 1073
Geman, D., 554, 967, 1073
Geman, S., 554, 967, 1073
generality, 783
generalization, 770, 772
generalization hierarchy, 776
generalization loss, 711
generalized arc consistent, 210
generalized cylinder, 967
general ontology, 453
General Problem Solver, 3, 7, 18, 393
generation (of states), 75
generative capacity, 889
generator, 337
Genesereth, M. R., 59, 60, 156, 195, 314, 345, 350, 359, 363, 1019, 1073, 1080, 1089
Genetic-Algorithm, 129
genetic algorithm, 21, 126-129, 153, 155-156, 841
genetic programming, 155
Gent, I., 230, 1073
Gentner, D., 314, 799, 1073
Geometry Theorem Prover, 18
Georgeson, M., 968, 1067
Gerbault, F., 826, 1074
Gerevini, A., 394, 395, 1073
Gershwin, G., 917, 1073
Gestalt school, 966
Getoor, L., 556, 1073
Ghahramani, Z., 554, 605, 606, 827, 1073, 1077, 1087
Ghallab, M., 372, 386, 394-396, 431, 1073
Ghose, S., 112, 1068
GIB, 187, 195
Gibbs, R. W., 921, 1073
Gibbs-Ask, 537
Gibbs sampling, 536, 538, 554
Gibson, J. J., 967, 968, 1073
Gil, Y., 439, 1068
Gilks, W. R., 554, 555, 826, 1073
Gilmore, P. C., 358, 1073
Ginsberg, M. L., 187, 195, 229, 231, 359, 363, 557, 1069, 1073, 1089
Gionis, A., 760, 1073
Gittins, J. C., 841, 855, 1074
Gittins index, 841, 855
Giunchiglia, E., 433, 1072
Givan, R., 857, 1090
Glanc, A., 1011, 1074
Glass, J., 604, 1080
Glauber, 800
Glavieux, A., 555, 1065
GLIE, 840
global constraint, 206, 211
Global Positioning System (GPS), 974
Glover, F., 154, 1074
Glymour, C., 314, 826, 1074, 1089
Go (game), 186, 194
goal, 52, 64, 65, 108, 369
     based agent, 52-53, 59, 60
     formulation of, 65
     goal-based agent, 52-53, 59
     goal-directed reasoning, 259
     inferential, 301
     serializable, 392
goal clauses, 256
goal monitoring, 423
goal predicate, 698
goal test, 67, 108
God, existence of, 504
Gödel, K., 8, 276, 358, 1022, 1074
Goebel, J., 826, 1074
Goebel, R., 2, 59, 1085
Goel, A., 682, 1064
Goertzel, B., 27, 1074
GOFAI, 1024, 1041
gold, 237
Gold, B., 922, 1074
Gold, E. M., 759, 921, 1074
Goldbach's conjecture, 800
Goldberg, A. V., 111, 1074
Goldberg, D. E., 155, 1085
Goldberg, K., 156, 1092
Goldin-Meadow, S., 314, 1073
Goldman, R., 156, 433, 555, 556, 921, 1068, 1074, 1091
gold standard, 634
Goldszmidt, M., 553, 557, 686, 826, 1066, 1073, 1074
Golem, 800
Golgi, C., 10
Golomb, S., 228, 1074
Golub, G., 759, 1074
Gomard, C. K., 799, 1077
Gomes, C., 154, 229, 277, 1074
Gonthier, G., 227, 1074
Good, I. J., 491, 552, 1037, 1042, 1074
Good-Turing smoothing, 883
good and evil, 637
Gooday, J. M., 473, 1069
Goodman, D., 29, 1074
Goodman, J., 29, 883, 1068, 1074
Goodman, N., 470, 798, 1074, 1080
Goodnow, J. J., 798, 1067
good old-fashioned AI (GOFAI), 1024, 1041
Google, 870, 883, 889, 922
Google Translate, 907
Gopnik, A., 314, 1074
Gordon, D. M., 429, 1074
Gordon, G., 605, 686, 1013, 1085, 1087, 1091
Gordon, M. J., 314, 1074
Gordon, N., 187, 195, 605, 1071, 1074
Gorry, G. A., 505, 1074
Gottlob, G., 230, 1074
Gotts, N., 473, 1069
GP-CSP, 390
GPS (General Problem Solver), 3, 7, 18, 393
GPS (Global Positioning System), 974
graceful degradation, 666
gradient, 131
     empirical, 132, 849
gradient descent, 125, 719
     batch, 720
     stochastic, 720
Graham, S. L., 920, 1074
Grama, A., 112, 1074
grammar, 860, 890, 1060
     attribute, 919
     augmented, 897
     categorial, 920
     context-free, 889, 918, 919, 1060
          lexicalized, 897
          probabilistic, 890, 888-897, 919
     context-sensitive, 889
     definite clause (DCG), 898, 919
     dependency, 920
     English, 890-892
     induction of, 921
     lexical-functional (LFG), 920
     phrase structure, 918
     probabilistic, 897
     recursively enumerable, 889
     regular, 889
grammatical formalism, 889
Grand Prix, 185
graph, 67
     coloring, 227
     Eulerian, 157
Graph-Search, 77
graphical model, 510, 558
Graphplan, 379, 383, 392, 394-396, 402, 433
grasping, 1013
Grassmann, H., 313, 1074
Gravano, L., 885, 1064
Grayson, C. J., 617, 1074
Greece, 275, 468, 470
greedy search, 92
Green, B., 920, 1074
Green, C., 19, 314, 356, 358, 1074
Green, P., 968, 1067
Greenbaum, S., 920, 1086
Greenblatt, R. D., 192, 1074
Greenspan, M., 195, 1079
Grefenstette, G., 27, 1078
Greiner, R., 799, 826, 1068, 1074
Grenager, T., 857, 1088
grid, rectangular, 77
Griffiths, T., 314, 1090
Grinstead, C., 506, 1074
GRL, 1013
Grosof, B., 799, 1087
Grosz, B. J., 682, 688, 1076
grounding, 243
ground resolution theorem, 255, 350
ground term, 295, 323
Grove, A., 505, 638, 1064, 1065
Grove, W., 1022, 1074
Gruber, T., 439, 470, 1074
grue, 798
Grumberg, O., 395, 1068
GSAT, 277
Gu, J., 229, 277, 1074, 1089
Guard, J., 360, 1074
Guestrin, C., 639, 686, 856, 857, 1074, 1079, 1081
Guha, R. V., 439, 469, 1067, 1080
Guibas, L. J., 1013, 1074
Gumperz, J., 314, 1074
Gupta, A., 639, 1079
Gus, 884
Gutfreund, H., 761, 1064
Guthrie, F., 227
Guugu Yimithirr, 287
Guy, R. K., 113, 1065
Guyon, I., 759, 760, 762, 967, 1066, 1074, 1080

H

H (entropy), 704
h (heuristic function), 92
H_MAP (MAP hypothesis), 804
H_ML (ML hypothesis), 805
Hacker, 394
Hacking, I., 506, 1074
Haghighi, A., 896, 920, 1074
Hahn, M., 760, 1069
Hähnel, D., 1012, 1067
Haimes, M., 556, 1082
Haken, W., 227, 1064
HAL 9000 computer, 552
Hald, A., 506, 1074
Halevy, A., 28, 358, 470, 759, 885, 1067, 1074
Halgren, E., 288, 1087
Halpern, J. Y., 314, 470, 477, 505, 555, 1065, 1072, 1074
Halpin, M. P., 231, 1073
halting problem, 325
ham, 865
Hamm, F., 470, 1091
Hamming, R. W., 506, 1074
Hamming distance, 738
Hammond, K., 432, 1074
Hamori, S., 604, 1066
ham sandwich, 906
Hamscher, W., 60, 1074
Han, X., 11, 1074
Hanan, S., 395, 1072
Hand, D., 763, 1074
hand-eye machine, 1012
Handschin, J. E., 605, 1075
handwritten digit recognition, 753-755
Hanks, S., 433, 1072
Hanna, F. K., 800, 1087
Hansard, 911
Hansen, E., 112, 156, 422, 433, 686, 1075, 1093
Hansen, M. O., 228, 1064
Hansen, P., 277, 1075
Hanski, I., 61, 1075
Hansson, O., 112, 119, 1075
happy graph, 703
haptics, 1013
Harabagiu, S. M., 885, 1085
Harada, D., 856, 1084
Haralick, R. M., 228, 1075
Hardin, G., 688, 1075
Hardy, G. H., 1035, 1075
Harel, D., 358, 1068
Harman, G. H., 1041, 1075
Harpy, 154, 922
Harris, Z., 883, 1075
Harrison, J. R., 637, 1075
Harrison, M. A., 920, 1074
Harsanyi, J., 687, 1075
Harshman, R. A., 883, 1070
Hart, P. E., 110, 156, 191, 432, 434, 505, 557, 763, 799, 825, 827, 1071, 1072, 1075
Hart, T. P., 191, 1075
Hartley, H., 826, 1075
Hartley, R., 968, 1075
Harvard, 621
Haslum, P., 394, 395, 431, 1075
Hastie, T., 760, 761, 763, 827, 1073, 1075
Haugeland, J., 2, 30, 1024, 1042, 1075
Hauk, T., 191, 1075
Haussler, D., 604, 759, 762, 800, 1065, 1066, 1075, 1079
Havelund, K., 356, 1075
Havenstein, H., 28, 1075
Hawkins, J., 1047, 1075
Hayes, P. J., 30, 279, 469-472, 1072, 1075, 1082
Haykin, S., 763, 1075
Hays, J., 28, 1075
head, 897
head (of Horn clause), 256
Hearst, M. A., 879, 881, 883, 884, 922, 1075, 1084, 1087
Heath, M., 759, 1074
Heath Robinson, 14
heavy-tailed distribution, 154
Heawood, P., 1023
Hebb, D. O., 16, 20, 854, 1075
Hebbian learning, 16
Hebert, M., 955, 968, 1076
Heckerman, D., 26, 29, 548, 552, 553, 557, 605, 634, 640, 826, 1067, 1074-1076, 1087-1089
hedonic calculus, 637
Heidegger, M., 1041, 1075
Heinz, E. A., 192, 1075
Held, M., 112, 1075
Hellerstein, J. M., 275, 1080
Helmert, M., 111, 395, 396, 1075
Helmholtz, H., 12
Hempel, C., 6
Henderson, T. C., 210, 228, 1082
Hendler, J., 27, 396, 432, 469, 1064, 1065, 1071, 1072, 1075, 1089
Henrion, M., 61, 519, 552, 554, 639, 1075, 1076, 1086
Henzinger, M., 884, 1088
Henzinger, T. A., 60, 1075
Hephaistos, 1011
Herbrand's theorem, 351, 358
Herbrand, J., 276, 324, 351, 357, 358, 1075
Herbrand base, 351
Herbrand universe, 351, 358
Hernadvolgyi, I., 112, 1076
Herskovits, E., 826, 1069
Hessian, 132
Heule, M., 278, 1066
heuristic, 108
     admissible, 94, 376
     composite, 106
     degree, 216, 228, 261
     for planning, 376-379
     function, 92, 102-107
     least-constraining-value, 217
     level sum, 382
     Manhattan, 103
     max-level, 382
     min-conflicts, 220
     minimum-remaining-values, 216, 228, 333, 405
     minimum remaining values, 216, 228, 333, 405
     null move, 185
     search, 81, 110
     set-level, 382
     straight-line, 92
heuristic path algorithm, 118
Heuristic Programming Project (HPP), 23
Hewitt, C., 358, 1075
hexapod robot, 1001
hidden Markov model
     factorial, 605
hidden Markov model (HMM), 25, 566, 578, 578-583, 590, 603, 604, 822-823
hidden Markov model (HMM) (HMM), 578, 590, 876, 922
hidden unit, 729
hidden variable, 522, 816
Hierarchical-Search, 409
hierarchical decomposition, 406
hierarchical lookahead, 415
hierarchical reinforcement learning, 856, 1046
hierarchical structure, 1046
hierarchical task network (HTN), 406, 431
Hierholzer, C., 157, 1075
higher-order logic, 289
high level action, 406
Hilgard, E. R., 854, 1075
Hill-Climbing, 122
hill climbing, 122, 153, 158
     first-choice, 124
     random-restart, 124
     stochastic, 124
Hingorani, S. L., 606, 1069
Hinrichs, T., 195, 1080
Hintikka, J., 470, 1075
Hinton, G. E., 155, 761, 763, 1047, 1075, 1087
Hirsch, E. A., 277, 1064
Hirsh, H., 799, 1075
Hitachi, 408
hit list, 869
HITS, 871, 872
HMM, 578, 590, 876, 922
Ho, Y.-C., 22, 761, 1067
Hoane, A. J., 192, 1067
Hobbes, T., 5, 6
Hobbs, J. R., 473, 884, 921, 1075, 1076
Hodges, J. L., 760, 1072
Hoff, M. E., 20, 833, 854, 1092
Hoffmann, J., 378, 379, 395, 433, 1076, 1078
Hogan, N., 1013, 1076
HOG feature, 947
Hoiem, D., 955, 968, 1076
holdout cross-validation, 708
holistic context, 1024
Holland, J. H., 155, 1076, 1082
Hollerbach, J. M., 1013, 1072
holonomic, 976
Holte, R., 107, 112, 678, 687, 1066, 1072, 1076, 1092
Holzmann, G. J., 356, 1076
homeostatic, 15
homophones, 913
Homo sapiens, 1, 860
Hon, H., 922, 1076
Honavar, V., 921, 1084
Hong, J., 799, 1082
Hood, A., 10, 1076
Hooker, J., 230, 1076
Hoos, H., 229, 1076
Hopcroft, J., 1012, 1059, 1064, 1088
Hope, J., 886, 1076
Hopfield, J. J., 762, 1076
Hopfield network, 762
Hopkins Beast, 1011
horizon (in an image), 931
horizon (in MDPs), 648
horizon effect, 174
Horn, A., 276, 1076
Horn, B. K. P., 968, 1076
Horn, K. V., 505, 1076
Horn clause, 256, 791
Horn form, 275, 276
Horning, J. J., 1076
Horowitz, E., 110, 1076
Horowitz, M., 279, 1084
Horrocks, J. C., 505, 1070
horse, 1028
Horswill, I., 1013, 1076
Horvitz, E. J., 26, 29, 61, 553, 604, 639, 1048, 1076, 1084, 1087
Hovel, D., 553, 1076
Howard, R. A., 626, 637-639, 685, 1076, 1082
Howe, A., 394, 1073
Howe, D., 360, 1076
HSCP, 433
HSP, 387, 395
HSPr, 395
Hsu, F.-H., 192, 1067, 1076
Hsu, J., 28, 1064
HTML, 463, 875
HTN, 406, 431
HTN planning, 856
Hu, J., 687, 857, 1076
Huang, K.-C., 228, 1086
Huang, T., 556, 604, 1076
Huang, X. D., 922, 1076
hub, 872
Hubble Space Telescope, 206, 221, 432
Hubel, D. H., 968, 1076
Huber, M., 1013, 1069
Hubs and Authorities, 872
Huddleston, R. D., 920, 1076
Huet, G., 359, 1066
Huffman, D. A., 20, 1076
Huffman, S., 1013, 1069
Hughes, B. D., 151, 1076
Hughes, G. E., 470, 1076
Hugin, 553, 604
Huhns, M. N., 61, 1076
human-level AI, 27, 1034
human judgment, 546, 557, 619
humanoid robot, 972
human performance, 1
human preference, 649
Hume, D., 6, 1076
Humphrys, M., 1021, 1076
Hungarian algorithm, 601
Hunkapiller, T., 604, 1065
Hunsberger, L., 682, 688, 1076
Hunt, W., 360, 1076
Hunter, L., 826, 1076
Hurst, M., 885, 1076
Hurwicz, L., 688, 1076
Husmeier, D., 605, 1076
Hussein, A. I., 723, 724, 1078
Hutchinson, S., 1013, 1014, 1068
Huth, M., 314, 1076
Huttenlocher, D., 959, 967, 1072, 1076
Huygens, C., 504, 687, 1076
Huyn, N., 111, 1076
Hwa, R., 920, 1076
Hwang, C. H., 469, 1076
Hybrid-Wumpus-Agent, 270
hybrid A*, 991
hybrid architecture, 1003, 1047
Hydra, 185, 193
hyperparameter, 811
hypertree width, 230
hypothesis, 695
     approximately correct, 714
     consistent, 696
     null, 705
     prior, 803, 810
hypothesis prior, 803, 810
hypothesis space, 696, 769
Hyun, S., 1012, 1070

I

i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed), 708, 803
Iagnemma, K., 1014, 1067
Ibal, 556
IBM, 18, 19, 29, 185, 193, 922
IBM 704 computer, 193
ice cream, 483
ID3, 800
IDA* search, 99, 111
identification in the limit, 759
identity matrix (I), 1056
identity uncertainty, 541, 876
idiot Bayes, 499
IEEE, 469
ignorance, 547, 549
     practical, 481
     theoretical, 481
ignore delete lists, 377
ignore preconditions heuristic, 376
Iida, H., 192, 1087
IJCAI (International Joint Conference on AI), 31
ILOG, 359
ILP, 779, 800
image, 929
     formation, 929-935, 965
     processing, 965
     segmentation, 941-942
imperfect information, 190, 666
implementation (of a high-level action), 407
implementation level, 236
implication, 244
implicative normal form, 282, 345
importance sampling, 532, 554
incentive, 426
incentive compatible, 680
inclusion-exclusion principle, 489
incompleteness, 342
     theorem, 8, 352, 1022
inconsistent support, 381
incremental formulation, 72
incremental learning, 773, 777
independence, 494, 494-495, 498, 503
     absolute, 494
     conditional, 498, 502, 503, 517-523, 551, 574
     context-specific, 542, 563
     marginal, 494
independent subproblems, 222
index, 869
indexical, 904
indexing, 328, 327-329
India, 16, 227, 468
indicator variable, 819
indifference, principle of, 491, 504
individual (in genetic algorithms), 127
individuation, 445
induced width, 229
induction, 6
     constructive, 791
     mathematical, 8
inductive learning, 694, 695-697
inductive logic programming (ILP), 779, 800
Indyk, P., 760, 1064, 1073
inference, 208, 235
     probabilistic, 490, 490-494, 510
inference procedure, 308
inference rule, 250, 275
inferential equivalence, 323
inferential frame problem, 267, 279
infinite horizon problems, 685
influence diagram, 552, 610, 626
Information-Gathering-Agent, 632
information extraction, 873, 873-876, 883
information gain, 704, 705
information gathering, 39, 994
information retrieval (IR), 464, 867, 867-872, 883, 884
information sets, 675
information theory, 703-704, 758
information value, 629, 639
informed search, 64, 81, 92, 92-102, 108
infuence diagram, 510, 610, 626, 626-628, 636, 639, 664
Ingerman, P. Z., 919, 1076
Ingham, M., 278, 1092
inheritance, 440, 454, 478
     multiple, 455
initial state, 66, 108, 162, 369
Inoue, K., 795, 1076
input resolution, 356
inside-outside algorithm, 896
instance (of a schema), 128
instance-based learning, 737, 737-739, 855
insufficient reason, principle of, 504
insurance premium, 618
intelligence, 1, 34
intelligent backtracking, 218-220, 262
intentionality, 1026, 1042
intentional state, 1028
intercausal reasoning, 548
interior-point method, 155
interleaving, 147
interleaving (actions), 394
interleaving (search and action), 136
interlingua, 908
internal state, 50
Internet search, 464
Internet shopping, 462-467
interpolation smoothing, 883
interpretation, 292, 313
     extended, 313
     intended, 292
     pragmatic, 904
interreflections, 934, 953
interval, 448
Intille, S., 604, 1077
intractability, 21
intrinsic property, 445
introspection, 3, 12
intuition pump, 1032
inverse (of a matrix), 1056
inverse entailment, 795
inverse game theory, 679
inverse kinematics, 987
inverse reinforcement learning, 857
inverse resolution, 794, 794-797, 800
inverted pendulum, 851
inverted spectrum, 1033
Inza, I., 158, 1080
IPL, 17
IPP, 387, 395
IQ test, 19, 31
IR, 464, 867, 867-872, 883, 884
irrationality, 2, 613
irreversible, 149
IS-A links, 471
Isard, M., 605, 1077
ISBN, 374, 541
Isis, 432
Israel, D., 884, 1075
ITEP, 192
ITEP chess program, 192
Iterative-Deepening-Search, 89
iterative deepening search, 88, 88-90, 108, 110, 173, 408
iterative expansion, 111
iterative lengthening search, 117
Itou, 800
Itsykson, D., 277, 1064
Iwama, K., 277, 1077
Iwasawa, S., 1041, 1085
IxTeT, 395

J

Jaakkola, T., 555, 606, 855, 1077, 1088
Jack, 195
Jackel, L., 762, 967, 1080
Jackson, F., 1042, 1077
Jacobi, C. G., 606
Jacquard, J., 14
Jacquard loom, 14
Jaffar, J., 359, 1077
Jaguar, 431
Jain, A., 885, 1085
James, W., 13
janitorial science, 37
Japan, 24
Jasra, A., 605, 1070
Jaumard, B., 277, 1075
Jaynes, E. T., 490, 504, 505, 1077
Jeavons, P., 230, 1085
Jefferson, G., 1026, 1077
Jeffrey, R. C., 504, 637, 1077
Jeffreys, H., 883, 1077
Jelinek, F., 883, 922, 923, 1067, 1077
Jenkin, M., 1014, 1071
Jenkins, G., 604, 1066
Jennings, H. S., 12, 1077
Jenniskens, P., 422, 1077
Jensen, F., 552, 553, 1064
Jensen, F. V., 552, 553, 558, 1064, 1077
Jevons, W. S., 276, 799, 1077
Ji, S., 686, 1077
Jimenez, P., 156, 433, 1077
Jitnah, N., 687, 1079
Joachims, T., 760, 884, 1077
job, 402
job-shop scheduling problem, 402
Johanson, M., 687, 1066, 1093
Johnson, C. R., 61, 1067
Johnson, D. S., 1059, 1073
Johnson, M., 920, 921, 927, 1041, 1067, 1068, 1071, 1079
Johnson, W. W., 109, 1077
Johnston, M. D., 154, 229, 432, 1077, 1082
joint action, 427
joint probability distribution, 487
     full, 488, 503, 510, 513-517
join tree, 529
Jones, M., 968, 1025, 1091
Jones, N. D., 799, 1077
Jones, R., 358, 885, 1077
Jones, R. M., 358, 1092
Jones, T., 59, 1077
Jonsson, A., 28, 60, 431, 1064, 1077
Jordan, M. I., 555, 605, 606, 686, 761, 827, 850, 852, 855, 857, 883, 1013, 1066, 1073, 1077, 1083, 1084, 1088, 1089, 1091
Jouannaud, J.-P., 359, 1077
Joule, J., 796
Juang, B.-H., 604, 922, 1086
Judd, J. S., 762, 1077
Juels, A., 155, 1077
Junker, U., 359, 1077
Jurafsky, D., 885, 886, 920, 922, 1077
Just, M. A., 288, 1082
justification (in a JTMS), 461

K

k-consistency, 211
k-DL (decision list), 716
k-DT (decision tree), 716
k-d tree, 739
k-fold cross-validation, 708
Kadane, J. B., 639, 687, 1077
Kaelbling, L. P., 278, 556, 605, 686, 857, 1012, 1068, 1070, 1077, 1082, 1088, 1090
Kager, R., 921, 1077
Kahn, H., 855, 1077
Kahneman, D., 2, 517, 620, 638, 1077, 1090
Kaindl, H., 112, 1077
Kalman, R., 584, 604, 1077
Kalman filter, 566, 584, 584-591, 603, 604, 981
     switching, 589, 608
Kalman gain matrix, 588
Kambhampati, S., 157, 390, 394, 395, 431-433, 1067, 1069, 1071, 1077, 1084
Kameya, Y., 556, 1087
Kameyama, M., 884, 1075
Kaminka, G., 688, 1089
Kan, A., 110, 405, 432, 1080
Kanade, T., 951, 968, 1087, 1090
Kanal, L. N., 111, 112, 1077, 1079, 1083
Kanazawa, K., 604, 605, 686, 826, 1012, 1066, 1070, 1077, 1087
Kanefsky, B., 9, 28, 229, 277, 1064, 1068
Kanodia, N., 686, 1074
Kanoui, H., 314, 358, 1069
Kant, E., 358, 1067
Kantor, G., 1013, 1014, 1068
Kantorovich, L. V., 155, 1077
Kaplan, D., 471, 1077
Kaplan, H., 111, 1074
Kaplan, R., 884, 920, 1066, 1081
Karmarkar, N., 155, 1077
Karmiloff-Smith, A., 921, 1071
Karp, R. M., 8, 110, 112, 1059, 1075, 1077
Kartam, N. A., 434, 1077
Kasami, T., 920, 1077
Kasif, S., 553, 1093
Kasparov, G., 29, 192, 193, 1077
Kassirer, J. P., 505, 1074
Katriel, I., 212, 228, 1091
Katz, S., 230, 1069
Kaufmann, M., 360, 1077
Kautz, D., 432, 1070
Kautz, H., 154, 229, 277, 279, 395, 1074, 1077, 1078, 1088
Kavraki, L., 1013, 1014, 1068, 1078
Kay, A. R., 11, 1084
Kay, M., 884, 907, 922, 1066, 1078
KB, 235, 274, 315
KB-Agent, 236
Keane, M. A., 156, 1079
Kearns, M., 686, 759, 763, 764, 855, 1078
Kebeasy, R. M., 723, 724, 1078
Kedar-Cabelli, S., 799, 1082
Keene, R., 29, 1074
Keeney, R. L., 621, 625, 626, 638, 1078
Keil, F. C., 3, 1042, 1092
Keim, G. A., 231, 1080
Keller, R., 799, 1082
Kelly, J., 826, 1068
Kemp, M., 966, 1078
Kempe, A. B., 1023
Kenley, C. R., 553, 1088
Kephart, J. O., 60, 1078
Kepler, J., 966
kernel, 743
kernel function, 747, 816
     polynomial, 747
kernelization, 748
kernel machine, 744-748
kernel trick, 744, 748, 760
Kernighan, B. W., 110, 1080
Kersting, K., 556, 1078, 1082
Kessler, B., 862, 883, 1078
Keynes, J. M., 504, 1078
Khare, R., 469, 1078
Khatib, O., 1013, 1078
Khmelev, D. V., 886, 1078
Khorsand, A., 112, 1077
Kietz, J.-U., 800, 1078
Kilgarriff, A., 27, 1078
killer move, 170
Kim, H. J., 852, 857, 1013, 1084
Kim, J.-H., 1022, 1078
Kim, J. H., 552, 1078
Kim, M., 194
kinematics, 987
kinematic state, 975
King, R. D., 797, 1078, 1089
Kinsey, E., 109
kinship domain, 301-303
Kirchner, C., 359, 1077
Kirk, D. E., 60, 1078
Kirkpatrick, S., 155, 229, 1078
Kirman, J., 686, 1070
Kishimoto, A., 194, 1088
Kister, J., 192, 1078
Kisynski, J., 556, 1078
Kitano, H., 195, 1014, 1078
Kjaerulff, U., 604, 1078
KL-One, 471
Kleer, J. D., 60, 1074
Klein, D., 883, 896, 900, 920, 921, 1074, 1078, 1085
Kleinberg, J. M., 884, 1078
Klemperer, P., 688, 1078
Klempner, G., 553, 1083
Kneser, R., 883, 1078
Knight, B., 20, 1066
Knight, K., 2, 922, 927, 1078, 1086
Knoblock, C. A., 394, 432, 1068, 1073
KnowItAll, 885
knowledge
     acquisition, 860
     and action, 7, 453
     background, 235, 349, 777, 1024, 1025
     base (KB), 235, 274, 315
     commonsense, 19
     diagnostic, 497
     engineering, 307, 307-312, 514
          for decision-theoretic systems, 634
     level, 236, 275
     model-based, 497
     prior, 39, 768, 778, 787
knowledge-based agents, 234
knowledge-based system, 22-24, 845
knowledge acquisition, 23, 307, 860
knowledge compilation, 799
knowledge map, see Bayesian network
knowledge representation, 2, 16, 19, 24, 234, 285-290, 437-479
     analogical, 315
     everything, 437
     language, 235, 274, 285
     uncertain, 510-513
Knuth, D. E., 73, 191, 359, 919, 1013, 1059, 1074, 1078
Kobilarov, G., 439, 469, 1066
Kocsis, L., 194, 1078
Koditschek, D., 1013, 1078
Koehler, J., 395, 1078
Koehn, P., 922, 1078
Koenderink, J. J., 968, 1078
Koenig, S., 157, 395, 434, 685, 1012, 1075, 1078, 1088
Koller, D., 191, 505, 553, 556, 558, 604, 605, 639, 677, 686, 687, 826, 827, 884, 1012, 1065, 1066, 1073, 1074, 1076-1078, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1090
Kolmogorov's axioms, 489
Kolmogorov, A. N., 504, 604, 759, 1078
Kolmogorov complexity, 759
Kolobov, A., 556, 1082
Kolodner, J., 24, 799, 1078
Kondrak, G., 229, 230, 1078
Konolige, K., 229, 434, 472, 1012, 1013, 1067, 1078, 1079
Koo, T., 920, 1079
Koopmans, T. C., 685, 1079
Korb, K. B., 558, 687, 1079
Koren., Y., 1013, 1066
Korf, R. E., 110-112, 157, 191, 394, 395, 1072, 1079, 1085
Kortenkamp, D., 1013, 1069
Koss, F., 1013, 1069
Kotok, A., 191, 192, 1079
Koutsoupias, E., 154, 277, 1079
Kowalski, R., 282, 314, 339, 345, 359, 470, 472, 1079, 1087, 1091
Kowalski form, 282, 345
Koza, J. R., 156, 1079
Kramer, S., 556, 1078
Kraus, S., 434, 1079
Kraus, W. F., 155, 1080
Krause, A., 639, 1079
Krauss, P., 555, 1088
Kriegspiel, 180
Kripke, S. A., 470, 1079
Krishnan, T., 826, 1082
Krogh, A., 604, 1079
Krypton, 471
Ktesibios of Alexandria, 15
Kübler, S., 920, 1079
Kuhn, H. W., 601, 606, 687, 1079
Kuhns, J.-L., 884, 1081
Kuijpers, C., 158, 1080
Kuipers, B. J., 472, 473, 1012, 1079
Kumar, P. R., 60, 1079
Kumar, V., 111, 112, 230, 1074, 1077, 1079, 1083
Kuniyoshi, Y., 195, 1014, 1078
Kuppuswamy, N., 1022, 1078
Kurien, J., 157, 1079
Kurzweil, R., 2, 12, 28, 1038, 1079
Kwok, C., 885, 1079
Kyburg, H. E., 505, 1079