Index
Page numbers in bold refer to definitions
of terms and algorithms; page numbers in italics refer to
items in the bibliography. The following key takes you to
immediately to the corresponding letter:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A* decoder, 576
A* search, see search, A*
AAAI (American Association for AI), 30
Aarts, E. H. I., 456, 1039
Aarup, M., 455, 987
Abbott, L. F., 759, 998
ABC computer, 14
Abeille, A., 828, 1033
Abelson, R. P., 24, 829, 1033
ABO (Asymptotic Bounded Optimality), 973
Abramson, B., 88, 987
Absolver, 108
abstraction, 63
Abstrips, 456
AC-3, 146, 156
AC-4, 156
academy award, 458
accessible, 41
accusative case, 806
Acero, A., 580, 1010
Acharya, A., 131, 994
achieves, 389
Ackley, D. H., 133, 987
acoustic model, 568
in disambiguation, 821
ACT, 286
ACT*, 708
Action, 69, 72
action, 32, 87
decomposition (recursive), 427
applicable, 378
conditional, 457
decomposition, 422, 423--425
joint, 451
monitoring, 441, 441, 442, 443
primitive, 422
rational, 7, 28
schema, 377
sensing, 431, 439, 456, 600
action-utility table, 599
action-value function, 764
Actions, 123, 126
activation, 737
activation function, 737
active learning, 764
active sensing, 439, 440, 863
active vision, 952
actuator, 32, 39
acyclicity, 230
Ada programming language, 14
AdaBoost, 666, 667, 667, 674
adaline, 21
Adams, J., 340
adaptive control theory, 766
adaptive dynamic programming, 767, 788
add list (in Strips), 378
Add-Edge, 801, 801, 802
add-one smoothing, 835
Adelson-Velsky, G. M., 187, 987
adjunct, 809
ADL (Action Description Language), 379, 409
admissible heuristic, see heuristic, admissible
Adorf, H.-M., 456, 1012
ADP (Adaptive Dynamic Programming), 767
Advice Taker, 19, 23
agent, 4, 32, 54
active, 771
architecture, 27, 970--972
autonomous, 197
circuit-based, 227--232
components, 968--970
continuous planning, 445
decision-theoretic, 466, 584, 629--631
function, 33, 33, 615
goal-based, 49--50, 54, 55
greedy, 771
intelligent, 28, 962, 968
knowledge-based, 13, 194--197, 240, 968
learning, 51--54, 56
limited rational, 343
logical, 195, 225--232, 268
model-based, 48, 48--49
naive, 795
passive, 765
passive ADP, 788
passive learning, 788
problem-solving, 59, 59--64
program, 33, 44, 44, 54
rational, 4, 4--5, 32, 34, 34--36, 55, 607, 968
reflex, 46, 46--48, 54, 615
replanning, 455
software, 40
taxi-driving, 53, 971
utility-based, 51, 54, 629
vacuum, 35, 57--58
wumpus, 198, 258, 462, 863
aggregation, 420
Agmon, S., 757, 987
Agre, P. E., 458, 987
agreement (in a sentence), 806
Aho, A. V., 828, 983, 987
AI, see artificial intelligence
AI Winter, 24
aircraft carrier scheduling, 458
airport siting, 593, 597
airport, driving to, 462
AISB (Society for Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour),
30
Ait-Kaci, H., 313, 987
Aizerman, M., 759, 987
al-Khowarazmi, 8
albedo, 868
Alberti, L. B., 895
Albus, J. S., 786, 987
Aldiss, B., 964
Aldous, D., 132, 987
Alexandria, 15
algorithm, 8
algorithmic complexity, see Kolmogorov complexity
Alhazen, 895
Alice, 948
Align, 891, 892
alignment method, 891, 890--892
ALisp, 935
Allais, M., 592, 987
Allen, B., 455, 1003
Allen, J. F., 365, 412, 830, 987
Allen, W., 574
Almanac Game, 609
Almuallim, H., 709, 987
Almulla, M., 131, 1027
ALPAC., 860, 987
Alperin Resnick, L., 353, 367, 992
alpha--beta, see search, alpha--beta
alpha--beta pruning, 167, 191
Alpha-Beta-Search, 170, 173
Alshawi, H., 828, 987
Alterman, R., 456, 987
altruism, 465
Alvey report, 24
Alvinn, 27
AM, 710
Amarel, S., 88, 90, 363, 987
ambiguity, 242, 347, 794, 818--821
Ambros-Ingerson, J., 456, 458, 987
Amit, D., 757, 987
analogical reasoning, 709
Analogy, 19, 20, 30
analysis of algorithms, 977
Analytical Engine, 14
Anantharaman, T. S., 187, 1010
Anbulagan, 235, 1018
anchor text, 345
AND--OR graph, 218
And-Elimination, 211
And-Or-Graph-Search, 435, 436, 437, 460
And-Search, 435, 435
Andersen, S. K., 529, 987
Anderson, A. R., 965, 966, 988
Anderson, C. R., 411, 457, 1040
Anderson, C. W., 786, 989
Anderson, J. A., 30, 757, 988, 1009
Anderson, J. R., 14, 286, 530, 708, 988, 1028
Andre, D., 133, 787, 935, 988, 1016
Anshelevich, V. A., 189, 988
answer literal, 300
answer set programming, 357
answer sets, 357
antecedent, 205
Anthony, M., 675, 758, 988
anytime algorithm, 971
aortic coarctation, 605
apparent motion, 875
Appel, K., 156, 988
Appelt, D., 829, 860, 1009
Append, 119, 291, 291, 292
applicable action, 378
Apt, K. R., 157, 988
Apte, C., 860, 988
Arbuckle, T., 186, 990
arc consistency, 145
architecture, 44
agent, 27
blackboard, 580
cognitive, 286
for speech recognition, 26
hybrid, 971
parallel, 134
real-time, 314
rule-based, 286
subsumption, 458
Arentoft, M. M., 455, 987
Ares, M., 993
Args, 278
argument
from disability, 948--949
from informality, 950--952
Aristotle, 4, 6, 7, 10, 55, 233, 267, 310, 363, 366, 895,
964, 965
arity, 246, 283
Arkin, R., 942, 988
Arlazarov, V. L., 187, 987
Armstrong, D. M., 965, 988
Arnauld, A., 7, 584, 607, 988
Arora, S., 88, 988
ARPAbet, 569
artificial
flight, 3
insemination, 953
sweeteners, 953
urea, 953
artificial intelligence, 1, 1--975
applications, 27--28
conferences, 30
definition, 1
foundations, 5--16, 776
future of, 974--975
goals of, 972--974
history, 16--27
journals, 30
philosophy of, 947--967
possibility of, 947--952
programming language, 18
as rational agent design, 5
real-time, 971
societies, 30
strong, 947
subfields, 1
as universal field, 1
weak, 947
Asada, M., 940, 1014
asbestos removal, 593
Ashby, W. R., 757, 988
Asimov, I., 939, 964, 988
Ask, 195, 196, 269, 278, 690, 796
assertion (logical), 253
assignment (in a CSP), 137
associative memory, 758
assumption, 362
Astrom, K. J., 645, 988
astronomer, 534
asymptotic analysis, 978, 977--978
Atanasoff, J., 14
Atkeson, C. G., 786, 1023
Atkin, L. R., 89, 1035
ATMS, see truth maintenance system, assumption-based
atomic event, 468, 468
atomic sentence, see sentence, atomic
atoms (in logic), 248
Audi, R., 966, 988
augmentation, 806, 827
augmented finite state machine, 932
Aura, 309, 314
Austin, G. A., 674, 993
Austin, J. L., 827, 988
Australia, 138, 144, 152, 376
Autoclass, 756
automata, 961, 965
automated debugging, 709
automated reasoners, see theorem provers
automatic pilot, 314
automatic sensing, 439
automobile insurance, 592
Auton, L. D., 235, 997
autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), 901
autonomous vehicle, 27
autonomy, 37, 376
auxiliary variable (in a CSP), 140
average reward, 618
averaging over clairvoyancy, 179
Axelrod, R., 645, 988
axiom, 255
Strips, 411
action exclusion, 404
decomposability, 587
domain-specific, 322
effect, 330
frame, 331, 333
Kolmogorov's, 471
of Chinese room, 959
of number theory, 256
of probability, 471--474, 981
of set theory, 257
of utility, 587, 588
Peano, 256, 267, 283
possibility, 330
precondition, 404
situation calculus, 330
successor-state, 236, 332, 365, 403
unique action, 333
unique names, 333
usable (in Otter), 306
wumpus world, 258
axon, 11
b* (branching factor), 106
B* search, 188
Babbage, C., 14, 186
Bacchus, F., 143, 156, 158, 488, 531, 608, 988
bachelor, 324
Bachmann, P. G. H., 983, 988
Back-Prop-Learning, 746
back-propagation, 22, 25, 745, 744--748, 755, 757
backgammon, 175--177, 182, 189, 778
background, 951, 952
background assumptions, 874
background knowledge, 299, 687
backjumping, 157
backtracking, 898
chronological, 148
dynamic, 157
intelligent, 148--150
backtracking search, 76
Backtracking-Search, 142, 142, 148, 149, 208, 221
Backus, J. W., 827, 988
Backus--Naur form (BNF), 792, 984
backward chaining, 218, 220, 287--295, 310
backward search for planning, 384--385
Bacon, F., 6
Baeza-Yates, R., 859, 989, 1003
bag of words, 842
Baird, L. C. I., 644, 1041
Bajcsy, R., 896, 989
Baker, C. L., 29, 989
Baker, J., 580, 859, 989
Balashek, S., 580, 998
Baldwin, J. M., 120, 989
Ball, M., 411, 1039
Ballard, B. W., 189, 191, 989
Baluja, S., 133, 989
Bancilhon, F., 313, 989
bandit problem, 772
Banerji, R., 674, 686, 1023
bang-bang control, 780
Bar-Hillel, Y., 828, 860, 989
Bar-Shalom, Y., 579, 989
Barrett, A., 456, 989
Barry, M., 532, 1010
Bartak, R., 158, 989
Bartlett, F., 13
Bartlett, P., 675, 758, 787, 988, 989
Barto, A. G., 134, 644, 786, 788, 989, 992,
1037
Barton, G. E., 833, 989
Barwise, J., 238, 989
Baseball, 828
baseline, 878
Basye, K., 940, 999
Bateman, J. A., 829, 989
Bates, E., 830, 1001
Bates, M. A., 14, 186, 1038
Batman, 458
bats, 458
Baum, E., 117, 188, 758, 989
Baum, L. E., 579, 756, 989
Baxter, J., 787, 989
Bayardo, R. J., 235, 990
Bayerl, S., 314, 1018
Bayes' rule, 9, 479, 479--481, 486, 490, 568
Bayes, T., 479, 487, 990
Bayes--Nash equilibrium, 640
Bayesian classifier, 482
Bayesian model merging, 840
Bayesian network, 26, 492, 492--499, 536
dynamic, 559, 559--568
hybrid, 501
inference, 504--510
learning, 722--724
learning hidden variables, 732--733
BDD, 439
Beal, D. F., 188, 990
Bear, J., 860, 1009
Beckert, B., 315, 990
beer factory scheduling, 458
Beeri, C., 157, 990
beetle, dung, 37, 56
beetles, 243
behavior language, 934
behaviorism, 13, 16, 55
belief, 341--343
and desires, 584--586
degree of, 474
function, 525
network, see Bayesian network
propagation, 531
revision, 360
state, 437, 466, 541, 626
update, 360
Bell Labs, 580
Bell, C., 430, 455, 990
Bell, D. A., 756, 995
Bell, J. L., 267, 990
Bell, T. C., 858, 859, 1041
Bellman equation, 620
Bellman update, 620
Bellman, R. E., 2, 10, 88, 89, 130, 620, 644, 990
Belongie, S., 758, 897, 990
Belsky, M. S., 186, 990
benchmarking, 977
Bender, E. A., 990
Bendix, P. B., 314, 1014
BenInq, 367
Bennett, B., 368, 996
Bennett, F. H., 133, 1016
Bennett, J., 309, 314, 1007
Bentham, J., 608, 990
Berger, H., 11
Berger, J. O., 759, 990
Berlekamp, E. R., 89, 990
Berleur, J., 960, 990
Berliner, H. J., 187--189, 990
Bernardo, J. M., 721, 990
Berners-Lee, T., 364, 990
Bernoulli, D., 590, 607, 990
Bernoulli, J., 9, 487, 610
Bernstein, A., 186, 990
Bernstein, P. L., 488, 648, 990
Berrou, C., 531, 990
Berry, C., 14
Berry, D. A., 786, 990
Bertele, U., 529, 990
Bertoli, P., 457, 990, 991
Bertsekas, D., 644, 788, 983, 991
Berwick, R. C., 833, 989
BESM, 186
best possible prize, 593
best-first search, 94, 129
Best-First-Search, 95
beta distribution, 561, 721
betting game, 474
Bezzel, M., 88
bias weight, 737
bias, declarative, 697
Bibel, W., 312, 314, 315, 991, 1018
Bickford, M., 309, 1036
biconditional, 205
Biddulph, R., 580, 998
bidirectional search, 87
Bidlack, C., 940, 996
Bigelow, J., 15, 1031
Biggs, N. L., 156, 991
bigram model, 568, 574
Bilmes, J., 580, 1030
binary decision diagram, 439
binary resolution, 297
Binder, J., 579, 756, 991, 1032
binding list, 254
Binford, T. O., 897, 991
Binmore, K., 645, 991
binocular stereopsis, 876, 876--895
binomial nomenclature, 363
bioinformatics, 858
biological naturalism, 954
biometrics, 885
bipartite matching, 889
Birnbaum, L., 860, 991
Biro, J. I., 966, 991
Birtwistle, G., 366, 991
Bishop, C. M., 132, 530, 758, 759, 991
Bishop, R. H., 55, 1000
Bistarelli, S., 156, 991
bit (of information), 659
Bitman, A. R., 187, 987
Bitner, J. R., 156, 991
BKG (backgammon program), 189
black box, 137
blackboard architecture, 580
Blackbox, 408, 411
Blake, A., 568, 579, 1011
Blei, D. M., 858, 991
blind search, see search, uninformed
Blinder, A. S., 648, 991
Block, N., 965, 966, 991
blocks world, 19, 24, 368, 381, 381--382, 445
Blum, A. L., 410, 991
Blumer, A., 675, 991
BNF (Backus--Naur form), 792, 984
BO, see bounded optimality
Bobick, A., 579, 1011
Bobrow, D. G., 19, 709, 860, 991
Boddy, M., 457, 971, 999, 1006
Boden, M. A., 233, 966, 991
body, 287
body (of a clause), 218
boid, 453, 458
Boltzmann machine, 759
Bonaparte, N., 186
Bonasso, R. P., 942, 1016
Boneh, D., 117, 989
Bonet, B., 411, 457, 991, 992
Boole, G., 7, 8, 234, 267, 992
Boolean
CSP, 139
function, 738
keyword model, 841
logic, see logic, propositional
random variable, 467
Boolos, G. S., 315, 992
boosting, 673
Booth, A. D., 860, 1019
Booth, T. L., 858, 992
Borel, E., 645, 992
Borenstein, J., 940, 941, 992
Borgida, A., 353, 367, 992
Boser, B., 758, 1017
Boser, B. E., 675, 759, 992
bottom-up parsing, 798
Bottou, L., 758, 897, 1017
boundary set, 683
bounded optimality, 973
asymptotic (ABO), 973
bounded rationality, 973
Boutilier, C., 365, 458, 644, 992
Bowden, B. V., 14, 186, 1038
Bower, G. H., 785, 1009
Box, G. E. P., 132, 992
Boxes, 780, 781
Boyan, J. A., 132, 786, 992
Boyen, X., 580, 992
Boyer, R. S., 309, 314, 992
Boyer--Moore theorem prover, 309, 314
Boyle, J., 315, 1042
Brachman, R. J., 353, 367, 369, 992, 1018
Bradshaw, G. L., 710, 1017
Bradtke, S. J., 134, 644, 786, 989, 992
Brady, J. M., 579, 1025
Brafman, R. I., 458, 786, 992
Brahmagupta, 156
brain, 16
computational power, 12
damage, optimal, 748
prosthesis, 956--958, 967
states, 954
super, 9
in a vat, 955
vs. computer, 12
brains cause minds, 12, 955
Braitenberg, V., 942, 992
branching factor, 72, 693
effective, 106, 130, 169
Brandeis, L., 962
Bransford, J., 833, 992
Bratko, I., 131, 314, 703, 992, 993
Bratman, M. E., 56, 966, 993
Braverman, E., 759, 987
breadth-first search, 73, 87
Breese, J. S., 56, 529, 531, 532, 609, 972, 993,
1010, 1040
Breiman, L., 674, 993
Brelaz, D., 156, 993
Brent, R. P., 132, 993
Bresnan, J., 828, 993
Brewka, G., 367, 993
bridge (card game), 31
Bridge Baron, 185
Bridle, J. S., 758, 993
Briggs, R., 363, 993
brightness, 867
Brin, S., 859, 993
Brioschi, F., 529, 990
Britain, 22, 24
Broadbent, D. E., 13, 993
Broca, P., 10
Brooks, M. J., 896, 1010
Brooks, R. A., 55, 233, 236, 458, 932, 934, 941, 942,
993
Brouwer, P. S., 786, 989
Brown, J. S., 368, 710, 998, 1018
Brown, M., 757, 993
Brown, P. F., 854, 860, 993
Brownston, L., 312, 993
Brudno, A. L., 187, 993
Brunelleschi, F., 895
Bruner, J. S., 674, 993
Brunnstein, K., 960, 990
Brunot, A., 758, 897, 1017
Bryant, R. E., 439, 457, 993
Bryson, A. E., 22, 757, 993
Buchanan, B. G., 22, 23, 56, 363, 531, 674, 686,
993, 994, 1002, 1019
buffalo, 833
Bugs, 530, 755
Build, 368
Bulfin, R., 646, 1030
bunch, 325
Bundy, A., 315, 708, 994, 1039
Bunt, H. C., 366, 994
Buntine, W., 709, 1024
Burgard, W., 940, 994, 1003
burglar alarm, 493--495
Burns, C., 532, 1024
Buro, M., 182, 994
Burstall, R. M., 315, 364, 994
Burstein, J., 949, 994
Bylander, T., 387, 409, 994
C-Buridan, 457
Cajal, S., 11
calculus, 119
Calera, J., 830, 994
Califf, M. E., 830, 1023
Call, 291, 292
Calvanese, D., 367, 994
Cambefort, Y., 56, 1007
Cambridge, 13
Cameron-Jones, R. M., 703, 1030
Campbell, M. S., 181, 187, 188, 994, 1010
can machines think, 948
candidate definition, 679
candidate elimination, 683
Canny edge detection, 753, 872, 897
Canny, J., 897, 941, 994
canonical distribution, 500
Cantu-Paz, E., 133, 1028
Capek, K., 939, 962
Carbonell, J. G., 456, 675, 708, 994, 1022,
1039
Carbonell, J. R., 709, 994
Cardano, G., 9, 487
Carlin, J. B., 759, 1005
Carmel, 940
Carnap, R., 6, 7, 472, 475, 487, 488, 531, 994
Carnegie Mellon University, 17
Carpenter, M., 456, 999
Carrasco, R. C., 830, 994
Carson, D., 314, 1042
cart--pole problem, 780
cascaded finite state transducers, 849
case (linguistics), 806
case folding, 844
case statement (in condition plans), 435
case-based reasoning, 708
Cassandra, 457
Cassandra, A. R., 645, 994, 1013
category, 322, 322--328
Caterpillar English, 851
causal influence, 497
causal link, 389
causal network, see Bayesian network
causal rules, 260
causation, 207, 260, 481
caveman, 687
CCD (charge-coupled device), 865, 899
cell decomposition, 916, 919
exact, 921
cell layout, 68
central limit theorem, 982
cerebral cortex, 11
Ceri, S., 312, 994
certainty equivalent, 591
certainty factor, 23, 525, 531
CES, 935
CFG, see grammar, context-free
CGP, 457
Chaff, 222, 224, 235
chain rule, 496
Chakrabarti, P. P., 131, 134, 994, 998
Chambers, R. A., 780, 785, 1022
Chan, W. P., 896, 994
chance node (decision network), 598
chance node (game tree), 177
chance of winning, 171
Chandra, A. K., 312, 313, 995
Chang, C.-L., 315, 995
Chang, K. C., 530, 1004
channel routing, 68
Chapman, D., 410, 458, 987, 995
charge-coupled device, 865, 899
Charniak, E., 2, 24, 312, 829, 859, 861, 995,
1005
chart, 800
Chart-Parse, 801, 804, 805
chatbot, 948
Chateau Latour, 953
Chatfield, C., 579, 995
Chatila, R., 940, 1024
checkers, 18, 56, 181--182, 189, 192
checkmate, 81
Cheeseman, P., 9, 26, 157, 235, 532, 756, 940, 995,
1036
Chekaluk, R., 940, 999
chemistry, 23
Chen, R., 579, 1019
Cheng, J., 530, 756, 995
Cheng, J.-F., 531, 1021
Chervonenkis, A. Y., 675, 1039
chess, 14, 21, 42, 89, 162, 172--173, 180--181, 186
automaton, 186
Chess 4.5, 89
Chess 4.6, 187
chi-square pruning, 663
Chickering, D. M., 188, 756, 1008, 1015
Chien, S., 455, 1004
Chierchia, G., 29, 828, 995
Chill, 826, 830
chimpanzees, 790
Chinese room, 958--960, 967
Chinook, 182, 192
choice point, 290
Chomsky normal form, 840
Chomsky, C., 828, 1007
Chomsky, N., 13, 16, 793, 827, 830, 858, 995
Choose-Attribute, 658--660
Choose-Literal, 702, 703
Choset, H., 941, 995
Christmas, 953
chronological backtracking, 148
cHUGIN, 530
Chung, K. L., 488, 983, 995
Church, A., 8, 275, 311, 995
Church, K., 804, 828, 858, 995
Churchland, P. M., 965, 995
Churchland, P. S., 958, 965, 995, 996
Cigol, 709
Cimatti, A., 411, 457, 990, 991, 996
circuit verification, 265
circuit-based agent, 227
circumscription, 358, 363, 367
prioritized, 359
city block distance, 106
Clamp, S. E., 488, 998
Clark completion, 367
Clark Normal Form, 355
Clark, K. L., 367, 996
Clark, P., 709, 996
Clark, S., 940, 1000
Clarke, A. C., 529, 961, 996
Clarke, E., 315, 411, 996
Clarke, M. R. B., 189, 996
class probability, 676
Classic, 353, 354
classical planning, 375, 430, 432
classification (in description logic), 353
clause, 214
Clearwater, S. H., 646, 996
Clint, 709
Clinton, W. J., 885
CLIPS, 312
Clocksin, W. F., 314, 996
closed class, 796
closed world, 354--356
closed-world assumption, 362, 377, 439
Clowes, M. B., 882, 897, 996
CLP, see logic programming, constraint
CLP(R), 313
clustering, 529, 725, 726
clustering (in Bayesian networks), 510, 510
CMU, 27, 181, 187, 580
CN2, 709
CNLP, 457
co-NP-complete, 210, 235, 979
coarticulation, 572, 572
coastal navigation, 924
Cobham, A., 8, 996
Cobley, P., 827, 996
Cocke, J., 860, 993
coercion, 431, 432, 456
cognitive
architecture, 286
modeling, 3--4
psychology, 13
science, 3, 29
Cohen, B., 235, 1034
Cohen, C., 940, 996
Cohen, J., 313, 996
Cohen, P. R., 26, 29, 458, 827, 996
Cohen, W. W., 709, 996
coherence relations, 823
Cohn, A. G., 368, 996
coin flip, 524, 525, 610, 659
Colbert, 942
Collins, A. M., 709, 994
Collins, G., 457, 1029
Collins, M., 757, 996
Collins, M. J., 859, 996
Colmerauer, A., 267, 313, 827, 996
Colombano, S. P., 133, 1019
color, 868--869
combinatorial explosion, 22
commitment
epistemological, 244, 266
ontological, 242, 464, 524
common sense, 523
communication, 790--827
commutativity (in search problems), 141
competition, 454, 454
compilation, 292, 429
complement (of a verb), 808
complementary literals, 214
complete data, 716
completeness
of a proof procedure, 295
of a proof procedure, 203, 233
of resolution, 300--303
of a search algorithm, 71, 87
theorem, 295
Completer, 802
completion (of a data base), 355
complex sentence, 204, 249, 266
complex term, 266
complexity, 977--979
sample, 670
space, 71, 87
time, 71, 87
complexity analysis, 74, 978
compliant motion, 916
component (of mixture distribution), 725
Compose, 288
composite decision process, 131
composite object, see object, composite
composition (of substitutions), 288, 288
compositionality, 241, 810
Compound?, 278
compression, 777
computability, 8
computational learning, 137, 668
computational learning theory, 668, 672, 675, 758
computational neuroscience, 737
computer, 14--15
vs. brain, 12
computer graphics, 864
computer vision, see vision
conclusion (of an implication), 205
concurrent action list, 451
conditional distributions, 500--504
conditional effects, 433
conditional Gaussian, 503
conditional independence, 481, 485, 486, 490, 499--504,
528, 545
conditional planning, 431--440, 454, 604
conditional probability, see probability, conditional
conditional probability table, 494
conditional steps, 433
conditioning, 476
conditioning case, 494
Condon, J. H., 187, 996
configuration space, 917
confirmation theory, 6, 488
conflict-directed backjumping, 149
conformant planning, 431, 455, 457
Congdon, C. B., 940, 996
conjugate prior, 721
conjunct, 205
conjunct ordering, 284
conjunction (logic), 205
conjunctive normal form, 215, 215, 295--297
connection method, 312
connectionism, 25, see neural network
connective
logical, 16, 204, 249
Connell, J., 942, 996
consciousness, 10, 952, 955, 956, 957, 960
consequent, 205
consistency, 353, 679
condition, 130
of a heuristic, 99
of actions, 385
consistent estimation, 512
consistent plan, see plan, consistent
Consistent-Det?, 696, 696
Console, L., 55, 1007
conspiracy number, 188
constant symbol, 246, 248, 266
constraint
binary, 140
entailment, 700
graph, 138, 153
nonlinear, 139
ordering, 392
preference, 140
propagation, 145, 144--147
recording, 157
resource, 148
special, 147
unary, 140
constraint logic programming, see logic programming
constraint satisfaction, 19
problem, 137, 137--141
constructive induction, 700
Contents, 796
context-free grammar, see grammar, context-free
context-sensitive grammar,
see grammar, context-sensitive
contingency problem, see problem, contingency
continuation, 292
continuity (of preferences), 587
continuous change, 337
continuous planning, 431, 432, 445--449, 455, 458
continuous speech, 574
Continuous-POP-Agent, 449, 449, 458
contour, 874, 881--884
contour (of a state space), 100
contrapositive, 308
control
lateral, 893
longitudinal, 894
control theory, 15, 55, 132, 409, 757, 780, 928
adaptive, 766, 785
control uncertainty, 925
controller, 55, 927
convention, 452
conversion to normal form, 296--297
Convince, 529
convolution, 869, 899
Conway, J. H., 89, 990
Cook, P. J., 961, 1003
Cook, S. A., 9, 235, 983, 996
Cooper, G., 530, 756, 997, 1035
cooperation, 450--451
coordinate frame, 874
coordination, 451, 452--454
coordination game, 635
Copeland, J., 365, 966, 997
Copernicus., 961, 997
Core Language Engine, 828
Cormen, T. H., 983, 997
corpus-based, 834
Cortes, C., 757, 758, 897, 997, 1017
count noun, 328
Cournot, A., 645, 997
Covington, M. A., 830, 997
Cowan, J. D., 20, 757, 997, 1041
Cowell, R., 755, 1036
Cox, I., 579, 940, 997
Cox, R. T., 475, 487, 997
CPCS, 501
CPT, see conditional probability table
crack, 883
Craig, J., 941, 997
Craik, K. J., 13, 997
Crawford, J. M., 235, 997
creativity, 16
Cremers, A. B., 940, 994
Crick, F. H. C., 120, 1040
Cristianini, N., 757, 759, 993, 997
critic (in learning), 52
critical path method, 418
critical point, 224
Crocker, S. D., 187, 1007
Crockett, L., 365, 997
Croft, W. B., 859, 1029, 1038
Cross, S. E., 28, 997
cross-correlation, 875
cross-validation, 663, 748, 762
crossover, 118
crossword puzzle, 28, 42, 158
Cruse, D. A., 844, 997
cryptarithmetic, 140
Csorba, M., 940, 1000
CSP, see constraint satisfaction problem
Culberson, J., 131, 997
Cullingford, R. E., 24, 829, 997
cult of computationalism, 947
cumulative learning, 700, 707
cumulative probability density function, 982
curiosity, 774
current-best-hypothesis, 674, 680
Current-Best-Learning, 681, 681, 682
Currie, K. W., 455, 1004
Cussens, J., 830, 997
Cutoff-Test, 173
Cybenko, G., 758, 997
cybernetics, 15, 15
CYC, 363--365
cyclic solution, 436
Cypress, 458
D'Ambrosio, B., 529, 1034
d-separation, 499
Dzeroski, S., 705, 709
DAG, see directed acyclic graph
Daganzo, C., 530, 997
Dagum, P., 530, 997
Dahl, O.-J., 366, 991, 997
Dale, R., 829, 830, 997, 1030
Dalton, 710
Damerau, F., 860, 988
Daniels, C. J., 134, 1020
Dantzig, G. B., 132, 998, 1041
DarkThought, 188
Darlington, J., 315, 994
DARPA, 28, 580
DART, 28
Dartmouth workshop, 17
Darwiche, A., 530, 532, 998
Darwin, C., 120, 961, 998
Dasgupta, P., 134, 998
data complexity, see complexity
data mining, 26
data-driven, 219
Datalog, 281, 310, 312
dative case, 806
Daun, B., 456, 999
Davidson, D., 365, 998
Davies, T. R., 694, 708, 709, 998
Davis, E., 364, 366, 368, 369, 998
Davis, G., 456, 999
Davis, K. H., 580, 998
Davis, M., 221, 234, 235, 300, 311, 998
Davis, R., 710, 998
Davis--Putnam algorithm, 221
Dawid, A., 529, 1017
Dawid, P., 755, 1036
Dayan, P., 759, 786, 998, 1023, 1033
da Vinci, L., 6, 895
DBN, see dynamic Bayesian network
DCG, see grammar, definite clause
DDN, see decision network, dynamic
de Morgan rules, 252
Deacon, T. W., 25, 999
Deale, M., 456, 999
Dean, M. E., 309, 1026
Dean, T., 455, 579, 644, 645, 940, 941, 971, 999
Dearden, R., 644, 992
Debevec, P., 896, 999
Debreu, G., 596, 999
debugging, 262
Dechter, R., 130, 156--158, 529, 999
decision
one-shot, 586
problem, 8
rational, 463, 584, 604
sequential, 586, 600, 613
under uncertainty, 465
decision analysis, 604
decision analyst, 604
decision list, 670
decision maker, 604
decision network, 492, 584, 597, 597--600, 607, 608, 629
dynamic, 629, 644
evaluation, 599
decision node, 598
decision stump, 666
decision theory, 9, 26, 465, 607
decision tree, 608, 653, 653
expressiveness, 655
pruning, 662
Decision-List-Learning, 671, 672, 672
Decision-Tree-Learning, 656--658, 658, 661--663,
672, 676, 677, 679, 696, 697, 700
declarative bias, 697
declarativism, 197
decomposability (of lotteries), 588
decomposition (of plans), 459
DeCoste, D., 757, 758, 999
Dedekind, R., 267, 999
deduction, see logical inference
deduction theorem, 210
deductive databases, 310
Deep Blue, 27, 180, 181, 188
Deep Space One, 55, 407, 456
Deep Thought, 181, 187
Deerwester, S. C., 858, 999
default logic, 359, 363, 367
default reasoning, 354--360
default value, 352
definite clause grammar, see grammar, definite clause
definite clauses, 218, 280--281
definition (logical), 255
deformable matching, 888
degree heuristic, 144
degree of belief, 464
interval-valued, 523
degree of freedom, 904
controllable, 905
effective, 905
degree of truth, 244
DeGroot, M. H., 488, 759, 999
DeJong, G., 708, 860, 999, 1000
delay line, 228
delete list (in Strips), 378
deleted interpolation smoothing, 858
deliberate layer, 934
Dellaert, F., 940, 1003
Della Pietra, S. A., 854, 860, 993
Della Pietra, V. J., 854, 860, 993
delta rule, 778
Del Favero, B. A., 529, 1034
demodulation, 304, 304, 314
demodulator, 306, 318
Dempster's rule, 526
Dempster, A. P., 526, 531, 579, 756, 1000
Dempster--Shafer theory, 523, 525--526, 531
Den (denotation), 342
Dendral, 22, 23, 363
dendrite, 11
Denes, P., 580, 1000
Deng, X., 133, 1000
Denis, F., 830, 1000
Denker, J., 758, 897, 1017
Dennett, D. C., 951, 953, 966, 1000
Deo, N., 89, 1000
Depth, 69, 72, 77
depth limit, 173
depth of field, 866
depth-first search, 75, 87
Depth-Limited-Search, 77, 78
derivational analogy, 708
derived sentences, 203
DeSarkar, S. C., 134, 998
Descartes, R., 6, 895, 965, 1000
descendant (in Bayesian networks), 499
Descotte, Y., 455, 1000
description logic, 349, 353, 353--354, 362, 367
descriptive theory, 592
detachment, 524, 524
detailed balance, 518
determination, 694, 709, 710
minimal, 696
deterministic environment, 41
deterministic node, 500
Deville, Y., 157, 1039
Deviser, 455
Devroye, L., 755, 756, 1000
Dewey Decimal system, 323
de Bruin, A., 188, 1028
de Dombal, F. T., 488, 998
de Finetti, B., 474, 487, 998
de Freitas, J. F. G., 568, 998
de Kleer, J., 157, 312, 368, 998, 1003,
1040
de Marcken, C., 830, 833, 998
De Morgan, A., 267, 998
De Raedt, L., 709, 830, 998, 1024
de Sarkar, S. C., 131, 994
de Saussure, F., 827, 999
diachronic, 258
diagnosis, 463
dental, 463
medical, 260, 498, 525, 600, 962
diagnostic rule, 259
diameter (of a graph), 77
Dickinson, M. H., 896, 994
Dickmanns, E. D., 897, 1000
dictionary, 21
Dietterich, T., 675, 708, 709, 787, 987, 1000,
1034
difference engine, 14
differential drive, 905
differential equation, 927
differentiation, 690
diffuse reflection, 867
DiGioia, A. M., 28, 1000
digit recognition, 752--754
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 24, 286
Dijkstra, E. W., 89, 130, 965, 1000
Dill, D. L., 309, 1026
Dimopoulos, Y., 411, 1014
Diophantine equations, 156
Diophantus, 156
Diorio, C., 580, 1030
Diplomacy, 166
directed acyclic graph (DAG), 493, 529
disabilities, 967
Disambiguate, 796
disambiguation, 795, 815, 818--821, 827
discontinuities, 870
discount factor, 617, 644
discourse, 821
coherent, 823--824
understanding, 821--824
discrete event, see event, discrete
discretization, 121, 501
discrimination net, 674
disjoint sets, 324
disjunct, 205
disjunction, 205
disjunctive effects, 433
disparity, 877, 878
Dissanayake, G., 940, 1000
distribution
beta, 721
mixture, 725
divide-and-conquer, 407, 581
Dix, J., 367, 993
Dixon, J. K., 187, 1035
Dizdarevic, S., 133, 136, 1017
dlv, 367
Do, M. B., 455, 1000
document classification, 845
document clustering, 845
DOF, see degree of freedom
dolphin, 10, 790
Domain, 146
domain
element, 245
in a CSP, 137
in first-order logic, 245
in knowledge representation, 253
independence, 376
of a random variable, 467
dominance
stochastic, 594
strict, 594
dominant strategy, 633
dominant strategy equilibrium, 633
domination (of heuristics), 106
Domingos, P., 488, 755, 1000
Donskoy, M. V., 187, 987
Doran, C., 828, 1000
Doran, J., 130, 131, 1000
Dorf, R. C., 55, 1000
Doucet, A., 580, 1000
Dow, R. J. F., 758, 1035
Dowling, W. F., 235, 1000
Dowty, D., 828, 1000
Doyle, J., 55, 157, 367, 368, 608, 1000, 1001,
1021, 1040
DPLL, 221, 222, 222, 224--226, 231, 235, 238, 239,
406
DPLL-Satisfiable?, 222
Drabble, B., 455, 1001
Dragon, 580
Draper, D., 457, 1001, 1002
Drebbel, C., 15
Dreussi, J., 456, 1035
Dreyfus, H. L., 365, 951, 972, 1001
Dreyfus, S. E., 88, 89, 644, 951, 990, 1001
drilling rights, 600
drone, 937
dropping conditions, 682
Drucker, H., 1017
Druzdzel, M. J., 530, 995
DT-Agent, 466
du Pont, 24
Du, D., 236, 1001
dualism, 6, 954, 964
Dubois, D., 532, 1001
Dubois, O., 235, 1035
duck, mechanical, 939
Duda, R. O., 488, 531, 755, 759, 1001
Dudek, G., 942, 1001
Duffy, K., 757, 996
Dumais, S. T., 532, 858, 999, 1032
dung beetle, 37
Dunham, B., 22, 1004
Duration, 459
Durer, A., 895
Durfee, E. H., 458, 1001
Durrant-Whyte, H., 940, 1000, 1018
Dzeroski, S., 1017
Dyer, M., 24, 829, 1001
Dyna, 786
dynamic backtracking, see backtracking, dynamic
dynamic Bayesian network, 537, 559, 559--568, 578, 579,
614, 629
dynamic decision network, see decision network, dynamic
dynamic environment, 42
dynamic programming, 131, 293, 546, 644
adaptive, 767, 767, 788
nonserial, 529
dynamic stability, 906
dynamic state, 904
dynamic weighting, 130
dynamical systems, 578
dystopia, 975
Dzeroski, S., 709, 830, 997, 1001,
1014
E(cat,i) (event), 337
E0 (English fragment), 795
Earley, J., 828, 1001
earthquake, 493
Eastlake, D. E., 187, 1007
Ebeling, C., 187, 990, 1001
EBL, see explanation-based learning
Eckert, J., 14
Eco, U., 827, 1001
economics, 9--10, 55, 589
edge (in a chart), 800
edge (in a scene), 870, 882
edge detection, 870--872
Edinburgh, 709, 941
Edmonds, D., 17
Edmonds, J., 8, 1001
Edwards, D. J., 187, 1008
Edwards, P., 966, 1001
Edwards, W., 608, 1039
EEG, 11
Effect, 433
effect, 377
axioms, 330
external, 423
internal, 425
negative, 413
positive, 385
primary, 423
secondary, 423
effector, 901
Effects, 449
Egedi, D., 828, 1000
egomotion, 876
Ehrenfeucht, A., 675, 991
8-puzzle, 64, 88, 89, 91, 105, 107, 130
8-queens problem, 66, 88
Einstein, A., 1
Eiter, T., 367, 1001
EKF, see extended Kalman filter
electric motor, 906
electronic circuits domain, 262--266
Elfes, A., 940, 1024
Elhadad, M., 829, 1001
Elimination-Ask, 509
Eliza, 948, 961
Elkan, C., 527, 755, 1001
Elliot, G. L., 156, 1008
Elman, J., 830, 1001
EM algorithm, 542, 725, 724--733
structural, 732
emergent behavior, 453, 931
EMNLP, 861
empiricism, 6
Empson, W., 829, 1001
Empty?, 71
EMV, see expected monetary value
End, 801
Enderton, H. B., 267, 311, 1001
English, 21, 31
fragment, 795
English auction, 641
ENIAC, 14
ensemble learning, 664--668
entailment, 201
inverse, 705
entailment constraint, 687, 700, 707
Entscheidungsproblem, 8
Enumerate-All, 506, 506
Enumerate-Joint, 477, 477
Enumeration-Ask, 505, 506
environment, 32, 38--44
artificial, 39
class, 44
competitive, 42
continuous, 42
cooperative, 42
deterministic, 41
discrete, 42
dynamic, 42
game-playing, 192, 789
generator, 44
history, 614
multiagent, 42, 341, 449
observable, 41
one-shot, 41
properties, 41
semidynamic, 42
sequential, 41, 41
single agent, 42
static, 42
stochastic, 41
strategic, 41
taxi, 38, 39
EPAM (Elementary Perceiver And Memorizer), 674
Ephrati, E., 458, 1016
epiphenomenalism, 957
episodic environment, 41
epistemological commitment, 244, 244, 266
epoch, 742
EQP, 309
equality (in logic), 253
equality symbol, 253
equilibrium, 633, 769
equivalence (logical), 210
Erdmann, M. A., 89, 1001
ergodic, 517
Erman, L. D., 580, 1001
Ernst, G., 130, 1025
Ernst, H. A., 941, 1002
Ernst, M., 411, 1002
Erol, K., 456, 1002
error, 720
sum of squared, 720
error (of a hypothesis), 669
error function, 982
Eskimos, 243
Essig, A., 488, 1006
Etchemendy, J., 238, 989
ethics, 960--964
Etzioni, O., 56, 457, 962, 973, 1002, 1040
EU, see utility, expected
Euclid, 8, 895
Eurisko, 710
Europe, 24
European Space Agency, 455
Eval, 171, 173
evaluation function, 94, 162, 171--173
accuracy, 171
linear, 110
Evans, T. G., 19, 30, 1002
event, 320, 335--340
calculus, 334, 334--335, 365, 812
category, 370
discrete, 337
generalized, 335
in probability, 504
liquid, 337
Everett, B., 940, 992
evidence, 464
evidence variable, 504
evolution, 31, 120, 243
machine, 22
example, 651
exceptions, 321
exclusive or, 207, 761
execution, 60
execution monitoring, 431, 431, 441--445, 455, 457
executive layer, 933
exhaustive decomposition, 324
existential graph, 350
Existential Instantiation, 273
Existential Introduction, 315
Expand, 72, 72, 77, 83, 102
Expand-Graph, 399, 400
expansion (of states), 69
expectation--maximization, see EM
expected monetary value, 589
expected utility, see utility, expected
expected value (in a game tree), 177
Expectiminimax, 631
expectiminimax, 177, 189
complexity of, 177
expert system, 363, 604, 607, 710, 962
commercial, 286
decision-theoretic, 604--607
first, 23
first commercial, 24
HPP (Heuristic Programming Project), 23
logical, 523
medical, 28, 531
Prolog-based, 289
with uncertainty, 26
explaining away, 525
explanation, 361, 691
explanation-based learning, 688, 690--694, 707, 708
exploration, 37, 122--129, 786
exploration function, 774, 776
exploration problem, 123
Extend, 209, 222
extended Kalman filter (EKF), 557, 912
Extender, 801, 801, 802, 803, 805
extension (of a causal link), 447
extension (of a concept), 679
extension (of default theory), 359
externalities, 641
Extract-Solution, 399, 400, 402, 403
extrinsic property, 328
eyes, 863, 866, 867, 895
face detection, 887
fact, 218
factor (in variable elimination), 507
factoring, 214, 297
Fagin, R., 157, 366, 990, 1002
Fahlman, S. E., 20, 367, 368, 1002
failure model, 562
false negative, 679
false positive, 680
family tree, 699
Farrell, R., 312, 993
FastForward, 411
FASTUS, 849, 860
Faugeras, O., 896, 897, 1002
Fearing, R. S., 941, 1002
Featherstone, R., 941, 1002
feature (of a state), 110
feature (speech), 570
feed-forward network, 738
feedback loop, 525
Feigenbaum, E. A., 22, 23, 29, 363, 674, 994,
1002, 1019
Feinstein, M. H., 29, 1036
Feldman, J., 29, 609, 1002
Feldman, R., 708, 1037
Fellbaum, C., 828, 1002
Feller, W., 983, 1002
Felner, A., 131, 1016
Feng, C., 709, 1024
Feng, L., 940, 992
Fermat, P., 9, 487
Ferraris, P., 457, 1002
fertility, 855, 856
Fetch, 278, 316
FF (FastForward planner), 411
FIFO-Queue, 73
Fifth Generation project, 24
figure of speech, 819
Fikes, R. E., 55, 267, 314, 367, 409, 456, 457, 708, 940,
992, 1002, 1032
Filter, 307
filtering, 360, 541, 542--544, 578, 627
Find-Pure-Symbol, 222
Find-Transform, 891, 892, 899
Find-Unit-Clause, 222
Findlay, J. N., 364, 1002
finite domain, 294
finite horizon, 616
finite-state machine, 793
Finney, D. J., 530, 1002
Firby, J., 934, 1003
Firby, R. J., 455, 458, 999, 1003
First, 71, 278, 288
first-order logic, see logic, first-order
first-order probabilistic logic, 519--522
Fischer, M. J., 364, 1003
Fisher, R. A., 487, 1003
Fitness-Fn, 119
Fix, E., 756, 1003
fixation, 878
fixed point, 218, 282
fixed-lag smoothing, 547
Fixed-Lag-Smoothing, 552
Flannery, B. P., 132, 1029
flaw (in a plan), 448
floor-planning, 159
fluent, 329, 339--340, 817
fluent calculus, 333, 338, 365
fly eyes, 876, 893
FMP, see planning, fine-motion
fMRI, 11
Focus, 709
focus, 867
focus of expansion, 876
focus spaces, 824
Fogel, D. B., 133, 1003
Fogel, L. J., 133, 1003
Foil, 701, 702, 703, 709, 711
FOL, see logic, first-order
FOL-BC-Ask, 287, 288, 288, 290
FOL-FC-Ask, 281, 282, 283, 287
folk psychology, 13, 369, 966
FOPC, see predicate calculus
Forbes, J., 786, 1003
Forbin, 455
Forbus, K. D., 312, 368, 1003
force sensor, 904
Ford, K. M., 29, 965, 1003
foreshortening, 879
Forestier, J.-P., 787, 1003
Forgy, C., 312, 1003
formal language, 791
formulate, search, execute, 60
Formulate-Goal, 61
Formulate-Problem, 61
Forrest, S., 133, 1023
Forsyth, D., 897, 1003
Fortescue, M. D., 243, 1003
Fortmann, T. E., 579, 989
Forward, 553, 554
forward chaining, 218, 218--220, 235, 280--287
forward checking, 144--145
forward pruning, 174
forward search for planning, 382--384
Forward-Backward, 546
Foster, D. W., 861, 1003
four-color map problem, 156, 950
Fourier, J., 156, 1003
Fox, D., 940, 994, 1003
Fox, M. S., 411, 455, 1003
Frakes, W., 859, 1003
frame
axiom, 331, 333
in representation, 24, 366
in speech, 570
problem, 331, 364, 365, 378
inferential, 331, 333--335
representational, 331, 332--333
Francis, S., 859, 1003
Franco, J., 235, 1003
Frank, M., 158, 1006
Frank, R. H., 961, 1003
Frankenstein, 962
Freddy, 68, 456, 941
Fredkin Prize, 188
free space, 918
free will, 6, 955
Freeman, W., 531, 1042
Frege, G., 8, 234, 267, 311, 1003
frequentism, 472
Freuder, E. C., 157, 158, 1003, 1004, 1032
Freund, Y., 674, 1004
Friedberg, R. M., 22, 133, 1004
Friedman, G. J., 132, 1004
Friedman, J., 674, 759, 993, 1004,
1008
Friedman, N., 580, 756, 992, 1004
fringe, 70
Fristedt, B., 786, 990
Fritz, 181
Frost, D., 158, 999
Frump, 860
Fry, D. B., 580, 1004
Fuchs, J. J., 455, 1004
Fudenberg, D., 646, 1004
FUF (generation program), 829
Fukunaga, A. S., 455, 1004
function, 242
total, 246
function approximation, 777
function approximator, 778
function symbol, 246, 248, 266
functional dependency, 694, 709
functional programming, 314
functional specification theory, 965
functionalism, 55, 954, 958, 965
Fung, R., 530, 1004
Furey, T., 757, 993
Furnas, G. W., 858, 999
Furst, M., 410, 991
futility pruning, 181
fuzzy control, 527
fuzzy set, 526, 532
G-set, 684
Gabor, Z. Z., 610
Gaifman, H., 531, 1004
gain parameter, 928
gain ratio, 663, 677
Gale, W. A., 858, 995
Galileo, G., 1, 53, 706
Gallaire, H., 312, 1004
Gallier, J. H., 235, 267, 311, 1000, 1004
Gallo, G., 89, 1004
Gamba, A., 757, 1004
Gamberini, L., 757, 1004
gambling, 9, 588
game, 10, 161
against nature, 434
bridge, 179
card, 179
constant--sum, 635
dice, 179
inspection, 632
minesweeper, 235
multiplayer, 165--167
of chance, 175--180
Othello, 162, 182
partial information, 640
playing, 161--162, 186
poker, 489
programs, 180--183
Qubic, 182
repeated, 638
robot (with humans), 945
theory, 10, 613, 631, 631--640
zero-sum, 192, 635
game show, 589
Garcia, P., 830, 1026
Garding, J., 896, 1004
Gardner, M., 234, 1004
Garey, M. R., 983, 1004
Garfield, J. L., 29, 1036
Gari, 455
Garrett, C., 117, 989
Gaschnig, J., 130, 135, 156, 157, 531, 1001,
1004
Gasquet, A., 455, 1004
Gasser, R., 131, 182, 1004
Gat, E., 942, 1004
gate (logic), 263
Gauss, C. F., 88
Gauss, K. F., 156, 578, 1004
Gauss--Jordan elimination, 980
Gaussian distribution, 982
Gaussian error model, 561
Gaussian filter, 869
Gawande, A., 962, 1004
Gawron, J. M., 580, 1013
Ge, N., 829, 1005
Gee, A. H., 568, 998
Geffner, H., 411, 455, 457, 991, 992, 1008
Geiger, D., 529, 756, 1005, 1008
Gelatt, C. D., 132, 157, 1014
Gelb, A., 579, 1005
Gelernter, H., 18, 314, 1005
Gelfond, M., 367, 1005
Gelman, A., 759, 1005
Geman, D., 530, 1005
Geman, S., 530, 1005
general ontology, 344
General Problem Solver, 3, 409
generality, 693
generalization, 680, 681
generalization hierarchy, 686
generalized cylinder, 897
generalized event, 335
Generate-Description, 796
generation (of states), 69
generative capacity, 793, 809
generic robot language, 934
Genesereth, M. R., 55, 89, 197, 267, 268, 295, 300, 313, 314,
317, 945, 1005, 1035
genetic algorithm, 22, 116, 116--119, 132--133, 773
genetic programming, 133
Genetic-Algorithm, 119
Gentner, D., 708, 1005
Gentzen, G., 311, 1005
Geometry Theorem Prover, 18
Georgeff, M. P., 458, 1005
Gerbault, F., 756, 1006
Gerevini, A., 410, 411, 1005
Germann, U., 856, 1005
Gershwin, G., 572, 1005
Gestalt school, 896
Ghahramani, Z., 531, 579, 580, 1005, 1012,
1031
Ghallab, M., 409, 411, 455, 1005
Ghose, S., 131, 994
Giacomo, G. D., 365, 1005
GIB, 183
Gibbs sampler, 518, 530
Gibson, J. J., 896, 1005
Gift of the Magi, 428
Gilks, W. R., 530, 755, 1005
Gilmore, P. C., 311, 1005
Gini, M., 457, 1026
Ginsberg, M. L., 157, 158, 183, 313, 317, 458, 532,
998, 1006, 1035
Gittins, J. C., 773, 786, 1006
Giunchiglia, E., 457, 1002
Givan, R., 828, 1021
Glanc, A., 939, 1006
Glauber, 710
Glavieux, A., 531, 990
global localization, 908
Global Positioning System (GPS), 904
differential, 904
Global-Trail-Pointer, 291
Glover, F., 132, 1006
Glymour, C., 755, 1036
Go (game), 182
Go-Moku, 182
Go4++, 183
Goal, 799
goal, 49, 59, 60, 87
based agent, 49--50, 54
directed reasoning, 185, 220
formulation, 60, 431
inferential, 254
predicate, 654
serializable, 407
test, 62, 87, 139, 384, 799
Goal-Test, 72, 77, 83, 102, 126, 128, 435
Goals, 399
God, existence of, 487
Godel, K., 8, 295, 311, 1006
Goebel, J., 756, 1006
Goebel, R., 2, 27, 55, 1029
Goemate, 183
GOFAI, see good old-fashioned AI
gold, 197
gold standard, 605
Gold, B., 580, 1006
Gold, E. M., 674, 830, 1006
Goldbach's conjecture, 710
Goldberg, D. E., 133, 1028
Golden, K., 458, 1006
Goldman, N., 829, 1006
Goldman, R., 457, 531, 829, 995, 1006,
1040
Goldszmidt, M., 644, 756, 992, 1004
Golem, 709
Golgi, C., 10
Golog, 365, 934, 935
Gomard, C. K., 708, 1012
Gomes, C., 132, 1006
good and evil, 584
good old-fashioned AI, 951, 966
Good, I. J., 186, 528, 963, 1006
Good--Turing smoothing, 858
Gooday, J. M., 368, 996
Goodman, D., 27, 1006
Goodman, N., 365, 708, 1006, 1018
Goodnow, J. J., 674, 993
Gordon, M. J., 267, 1006
Gordon, N. J., 579, 1006
Gorry, G. A., 488, 1006
Gottlob, G., 158, 312, 313, 994, 1006
Gotts, N., 368, 996
GPS, see Global Positioning System
GPS, 3, 7, 18, 409
graceful degradation, 631
gradient descent, 115
Graham, S. L., 828, 1006
grammar, 792, 984
attribute, 827
augmented, 806--809
categorial, 828
context-free, 793, 826, 827
probabilistic (PCFG), 836, 836--840, 858
context-sensitive, 793
definite clause (DCG), 806, 827
dependency, 828
English, 795--798
formal, 795
induction, 824, 830
learning, 824--834
lexical-functional (LFG), 828
phrase structure, 826
probabilistic, 834--840
recursively enumerable, 793
regular, 793
tree-adjoining (TAG), 828
grammatical formalism, 793
Grand Prix, 180
Graph-Search, 82, 83, 83, 87, 91, 94, 99, 101, 129,
134, 171, 460
graphical model, 492
Graphplan, 395, 398, 399, 399, 401, 402, 407--412,
414, 457
Grassmann, H., 267, 1007
Grayson, C. J., 590, 1007
Greece, 233, 310, 363, 365
greedy search, 113
Green, B., 828, 1007
Green, C., 19, 267, 309, 312, 315, 364, 409, 1007
Greenbaum, S., 828, 1030
Greenblatt, R. D., 187, 1007, 1024
Greenstreet, M. R., 315, 1014
Greiner, R., 708, 756, 995, 1007
Grice, H. P., 827, 1007
grid, rectangular, 81
GRL, 942
Grosof, B., 709, 1032
Grosz, B. J., 641, 646, 824, 830, 1007, 1011
Grosz, b. J., 830, 1007
ground resolution theorem, 217, 300
ground term, 249, 273
grounding, 204
Grove, A., 488, 608, 988
Grove, W., 949, 1007
Grumberg, O., 315, 411, 996
Grundy, W., 757, 993
GSAT, 235
Gu, J., 157, 235, 236, 1001, 1007,
1036
Guard, J., 309, 314, 1007
Guha, R. V., 363, 1018
Guibas, L. J., 941, 1007
Gus, 860
Gutfreund, H., 757, 987
Guy, R. K., 89, 990
Guyon, I., 758, 897, 1017
Guyon, I. M., 675, 759, 992
Gyorfi, L., 755, 1000
Godel, K., 234, 311, 949
Hmap (MAP hypothesis), 714
Hml (ML hypothesis), 715
Haas, A., 366, 1007
Hacker, 410
Hacking, I., 488, 1007
Hahnel, D., 994
Haken, W., 156, 988
HAL 9000 computer, 529
Hald, A., 488, 1007
Hale, J., 829, 1005
Halpern, J. Y., 366, 488, 531, 988, 1002,
1007
Halpin, M. P., 158, 1006
halting problem, 275
ham sandwich, 819
Hamming distance, 735
Hamming, R. W., 488, 1007
Hammond, K., 456, 1007
Hamscher, W., 55, 1007
hand--eye machine, 941
Handschin, J. E., 579, 1007
handwriting recognition, 885
handwritten digit recognition, 752--754, 885, 886
Hanks, S., 457, 1001, 1002
Hanna, F. K., 710, 1031
Hansard, 853, 862
Hansen, E., 131, 457, 645, 1007, 1043
Hansen, P., 235, 1007
Hanski, I., 56, 1007
Hansson, O., 131, 135, 1007, 1008
happy graph, 661
Harada, D., 787, 1025
Haralick, R. M., 156, 1008
Hardin, G., 646, 1008
Harel, D., 312, 364, 995, 1008
Harman, G. H., 966, 1008
Harpy, 132, 580
Harrison, M. A., 828, 1006
Harsanyi, J., 645, 1008
Harshman, R. A., 858, 999
Hart, P. E., 130, 456, 457, 488, 531, 708, 755, 759,
1001, 1002, 1008
Hart, T. P., 187, 1008
Hartley, R., 896, 1008
Harvard, 592
hash table, 279
Haslum, P., 455, 1008
Hastie, T., 674, 756, 759, 1004, 1008
Haugeland, J., 2, 29, 951, 966, 1008
Haussler, D., 675, 709, 757, 758, 989, 991,
993, 1008
Havelund, K., 309, 1008
Hayes, P. J., 29, 364, 365, 367, 368, 965, 1003,
1008, 1021
Hayes-Roth, F., 580, 1001
head (of a clause), 218, 287
hearer, 790
Hearsay-II, 580
Hearst, M. A., 858, 861, 1026, 1033
Heath Robinson, 14
heavy-tailed distribution, 132
Heawood, P., 950
Hebb, D. O., 16, 20, 785, 1008
Heckerman, D., 26, 28, 525, 529, 531, 532, 579, 609, 755, 756,
993, 1008, 1010,
1032, 1036
hedonic calculus, 608
Heim, I., 828, 1008
Heinz, E. A., 188, 1008
Held, M., 131, 1008
Helmert, M., 411, 1008
Helmholtz, H., 12, 895
Hempel, C., 6
Henderson, T. C., 146, 156, 1023
Hendler, J., 364, 412, 456, 987, 990,
1002
Hendrix, G. G., 352, 1009
Henrion, M., 56, 501, 530, 609, 1009, 1010,
1029
Henry, O., 428
Henzinger, M., 847, 859, 1035
Henzinger, T. A., 55, 1009
Hephaistos, 939
Herbrand base, 301
Herbrand universe, 301, 311
Herbrand's theorem, 301, 311
Herbrand, J., 234, 274, 301, 311, 1009
Herskovits, E., 756, 997
heuristic, 129
admissible, 97
composite, 108
degree, 144, 156
domain-independent, 376
empty-delete-list, 387
for planning, 386--387
function, 95, 105--110, 376
least-constraining-value, 144
Manhattan, 106
min-conflicts, 150
minimum remaining values, 143, 156
search, see search, heuristic
straight-line, 95
Heuristic Programming Project (HPP), 23
Hewitt, C., 312, 313, 1009
Hex, 189
hexapod, 930
hidden Markov model, 26, 537, 549, 549--551, 559, 578, 579,
731
hidden unit, 739
hidden variable, 504
hierarchical decomposition, 422
hierarchical task network (HTN), 422
Hierholzer, C., 133, 1009
High, 698
higher-order logic, 244
Hilbert, D., 8
Hilgard, E. R., 785, 1009
hill climbing, 111, 136
random-restart, 114
Hill-Climbing, 112, 222
hindsight, 542
Hingorani, S. L., 579, 997
Hintikka, J., 366, 1009
Hinton, G. E., 25, 133, 757, 759, 1009, 1031
HipNav, 28
Hirsh, H., 708, 1009
Hirst, G., 829, 1009
hit list, 846
Hitachi, 430
Hitech, 187
HMM, 549, 559, 580
Ho, Y.-C., 22, 757, 993
Hoane, A. J., 181, 188, 994
Hobbs, J. R., 369, 822, 823, 829, 860, 1009
Hobbs, T., 6
Hockey, B. A., 828, 1000
Hodges, J. L., 756, 1003
Hoff, M. E., 20, 766, 785, 1041
Hoffman, J., 411, 1014
Hoffmann, J., 411, 1009
Hogan, N., 941, 1009
holistic context, 951
Holland, J. H., 132, 133, 1009, 1023
Holldobler, S., 365, 1009
Hollerbach, J. M., 941, 1002
Holloway, J., 187, 1024
Holzmann, G. J., 309, 1009
homeostatic, 757
Homo sapiens, 1
homophone, 568
Hon, H., 580, 1010
Honavar, V., 830, 1027
Hong, J., 674, 1022
Hood, A., 10, 1009
Hopcroft, J., 941, 983, 987, 1033
Hopfield network, 758
Hopfield, J. J., 25, 758, 1009
Hopkins Beast, 940
horizon, 865
horizon effect, 174
Horn clause, 217, 306, 701
Horn form, 218, 234
Horn, A., 234, 1009
Horn, B. K. P., 896, 897, 1010
Horning, J. J., 1010
Horowitz, E., 89, 1010
Horowitz, M., 309, 1026
Horrocks, J. C., 488, 998
horse, 954
Horswill, I., 934, 942, 1010
Horvitz, E. J., 26, 56, 529, 532, 609, 971, 972, 1010,
1032
Hovel, D., 529, 532, 1010
Hovy, E., 829, 1010
Howard, R. A., 597, 608, 609, 644, 1010, 1022
Howe, A., 409, 1005
HSCP, 457
Hsu, F.-H., 181, 187, 188, 994, 1010
HTML, 849
HTN, see hierarchical task network
Huang, T., 579, 1010
Huang, X. D., 580, 1010
Hubble Space Telescope, 140, 150, 417, 456
Hubel, D. H., 897, 1010
Huber, M., 940, 996
Huddleston, R. D., 828, 1010
Huffman, D. A., 19, 882, 897, 1010
Huffman, S., 940, 996
Hughes, B. D., 126, 1011
Hugin, 529, 579
Huhns, M. N., 56, 1011
human judgment, 523, 531, 592
human performance, 1
human preference, 617
humanoid robot, 902
Hume, D., 6, 1011
Hungarian algorithm, 889
Hunsberger, L., 641, 646, 1011
Hunt, E. B., 674, 1011
Hunter, L., 756, 1011
Hurwicz, L., 646, 1011
Hutchins, W. J., 860, 1011
Huttenlocher, D. P., 897, 1011
Huygens, C., 487, 645, 1011
Hwa, R., 859, 1011
Hwang, C. H., 364, 828, 1011
hybrid architecture, 932
hyperparameter, 721
hypertree width, 510
hypothesis, 651
approximately correct, 669
null, 662
space, 679
Hyun, S., 940, 999
Hahnel, D., 940
i.i.d. (independently and identically distributed), 713
IBM, 17, 18, 27, 181, 580, 855
IBM 704 computer, 182
ice cream, 465
ID3, 709
IDA*, see search, iterative deepening A*
identification in the limit, 672
identity theory, 965
IEEE, 364
ignorance, 523, 525
practical, 464
theoretical, 464
IJCAI (International Joint Conference on AI), 30
ILP, see logic programming, inductive
image, 865
formation, 865--869, 894
processing, 894
retrieval, 885
segmentation, 872--873, 885
imaging sensor, 904
implementation level, 196
implication, 205
implicit effect, 332
importance sampling, 530
incompleteness
theorem, 8, 302, 949
inconsistent support, 397
incorporation, 795
incremental learning, 683
independence, 478, 477--479, 481, 486
absolute, 478
conditional, 499
marginal, 478
independent subproblems, 152
indeterminacy
bounded, 430
unbounded, 431
indexical, 817
indexing, 279, 278--279
India, 16, 156, 363
indicator variable, 743
indifference, principle of, 472, 487
individuation, 327
induction, 6, 651
constructive, 700
mathematical, 8
inductive inference
pure, 651
inductive learning, see learning
inductive logic programming (ILP), 709
Indyk, P., 756, 1011
inequality constraints, 394
Infer, 307, 307
inference, 195, 272
probabilistic, 475, 475--477, 492
procedure, 262
rule, 211, 233
inferential equivalence, 274
infinite horizon, 616
infinite horizon problems, 644
influence diagram, see decision network
1017
information
extraction, 848--850, 858
gain, 660, 662
gathering, 37, 924
retrieval, 346, 840--848, 859
theory, 659, 659--660, 674
value, 600, 609
information value, see value of information
Information-Gathering-Agent, 603
informed search, see search, informed
Ingerman, P. Z., 827, 1011
inheritance, 323, 323, 350, 373
multiple, 350
Init, 799
initial state, 62, 87, 162
Initial-Planning-Graph, 399
Initial-State, 72, 77, 83, 102, 112, 116, 435
Initializer, 803
Inoue, K., 705, 1011
input resolution, 305
Insert, 71, 72, 83
Insert-All, 71, 72, 83
inside--outside algorithm, 839
insurance premium, 591
integrability, 881
integrity constraints, 218
intelligence, 1, 32
intention (discourse), 792
intentional stance, 966
intentional state, 955
intentionality, 953, 965, 966
intercausal reasoning, see reasoning
interleaving (search and action), 87
interlingua, 852
intermediate form, 814
internal state, 48
Internet, 26
Internet search, 346
Internet shopping, 344--349
Interplan, 410
Interpret-Input, 47
interpretation, 246
pragmatic, 794, 815--817
semantic, 794
interreflections, 881
interval, 335, 338--339
Intille, S., 579, 1011
intractability, 8, 21, 30
intrinsic property, 328
introspection, 3, 13
inverse entailment, see entailment, inverse
inverse game theory, 640
inverse kinematics, 917
inverse link, 351
inverse method, 312
inverse resolution, see resolution, inverse
inverted pendulum, 780
Inza, I., 133, 136, 1017
Ipem, 458
IPL, 17
IPP, 411
IQ test, 19, 30
irrationality, 2, 587, 608
IS-A links, 366
Isard, M., 568, 579, 1011
Isis, 455
Israel, D., 860, 1009
Italian, 851
Italy, 487
ITEP chess program, 187
iterative deepening, see search, iterative deepening
iterative expansion, 131
Iterative-Deepening-Search, 78, 107
Itou, 709
IxTeT, 411
Jaakkola, T., 530, 531, 580, 787, 1011, 1012,
1033
Jackel, L., 758, 897, 1017
Jacquard loom, 14
Jacquard, J., 14
Jaffar, J., 313, 1011
Jaguar, 455
Jahr, M., 856, 1005
James, H., 13
James, W., 13
janitorial science, 35
Japan, 24
Jaskowski, S., 1011
Jaumard, B., 235, 1007
Jeavons, P., 158, 1027
Jefferson, G., 952, 1011
Jeffrey, R. C., 315, 487, 608, 992, 1011
Jeffreys, H., 858, 1011
Jelinek, F., 580, 858, 860, 993, 1011, 1012
Jenkin, M., 942, 1001
Jennings, H. S., 13, 1012
Jensen, F., 529, 987
Jensen, F. V., 529, 532, 987, 1012
Jespersen, O., 828, 1012
Jevons, W. S., 234, 709, 1012
Jimenez, P., 457, 1012
Joachims, T., 757, 860, 1012
job shop scheduling, 417, 417
Johnson, C. R., 56, 993
Johnson, D. S., 983, 1004
Johnson, M., 829, 830, 833, 992, 1001,
1017
Johnson, W. W., 88, 1012
Johnson-Laird, P. N., 29, 1012
Johnston, M. D., 132, 157, 456, 1012, 1023
join tree, 510
joint action, 451
joint intention, 454
joint plan, 450
joint probability distribution, 469
full, 469, 486, 492, 495--498
Jones, M., 897, 1039
Jones, N. D., 708, 1012
Jones, R., 312, 1012
Jonsson, A., 27, 55, 455, 1012
Jordan, M. I., 530--532, 579, 580, 645, 758, 783, 787, 858,
991, 1005, 1011, 1012,
1024, 1025, 1033, 1036
Joshi, A. K., 828, 830, 1007, 1012,
1033
Joskowicz, L., 368, 1032
Joslin, D., 410, 1012
Jouannaud, J.-P., 314, 1012
Joule, J., 706
JTMS, see truth maintenance system, justification-based
Juang, B.-H., 580, 1030
Judd, J. S., 758, 1012
Juels, A., 133, 1012
Julesz, B., 896, 1012
junction type, 883
Jurafsky, D., 29, 580, 829, 830, 861, 1012
justification, 357
Jaskowski, S., 311
Kdl (decision list), 671
Kdt (decision tree), 671
Kadane, J. B., 645, 1012
Kaelbling, L. P., 236, 644, 645, 788, 942, 994,
999, 1013
Kager, R., 829, 1013
Kahneman, D., 2, 498, 592, 1013, 1038
Kaindl, H., 131, 1013
Kalah, 187
Kalman filter, 537, 551, 551--559, 578, 579
switching, 558
Kalman gain matrix, 556
Kalman, R., 551, 578, 1013
Kambhampati, S., 410, 411, 455, 456, 1000,
1013, 1025
Kameya, Y., 531, 1033
Kameyama, M., 860, 1009
Kan, A., 88, 421, 1017
Kanade, T., 28, 876, 896, 1000, 1038
Kanal, L. N., 131, 532, 1013, 1016,
1025
Kanazawa, K., 579, 645, 756, 940, 991, 999,
1013, 1032
Kanefsky, B., 9, 157, 235, 995
Kanoui, H., 267, 313, 996
Kant, E., 312, 993
Kaplan, D., 366, 1013
Kaplan, R., 805, 828, 860, 991, 1021
Karmarkar, N., 132, 1013
Karmiloff-Smith, A., 830, 1001
Karp, R. M., 9, 88, 131, 983, 1008, 1013
Karypis, G., 846, 1036
Kasami, T., 828, 1013
Kasparov, G., 27, 180, 181, 1013
Kasper, R. T., 829, 989, 1013
Kassirer, J. P., 488, 1006
Kaufmann, M., 315, 1013
Kautz, D., 456, 999
Kautz, H., 132, 235, 411, 1006, 1013,
1034
Kavraki, L., 941, 1013
Kay, A. R., 11, 1026
Kay, M., 580, 851, 860, 991, 1013
Kaye, R., 235, 1013
KB, see knowledge base
KB-Agent, 196
KBIL, see inductive learning, knowledge-based
Keane, M. A., 133, 1016
Kearns, M., 645, 675, 786, 1013
Kedar-Cabelli, S., 708, 1023
Keene, R., 27, 1006
Keeney, R. L., 592, 597, 608, 1014
Kehler, A., 829, 1014
Keil, F. C., 3, 29, 966, 1041
Keim, G. A., 28, 158, 1019
Keller, R., 708, 1023
Kelly, J., 756, 995
Kemp, M., 895, 1014
Kempe, A. B., 950
Kenley, C. R., 529, 1034
Kent, C., 341
Kepler, J., 895
Kern, C., 315, 1014
kernel function, 735, 751
polynomial, 751
kernel machine, 749, 749--752
kernel model, 735, 735--736
kernelization, 752
Kernighan, B. W., 88, 1019
Keynes, J. M., 487, 1014
Khatib, O., 941, 1014
Khorsand, A., 131, 1013
kidnapping problem, 908
Kids, 315
Kietz, J.-U., 709, 1014
Kilimanjaro, 790
Kim, J. H., 529, 1014
kinematic state, 904
kinematics, 917
King, R. D., 706, 707, 1014, 1036
kinship domain, 254--256
Kirby, M., 897, 1035
Kirchner, C., 314, 1012
Kirkpatrick, S., 132, 157, 235, 1014
Kirman, J., 644, 999
Kirousis, L. M., 897, 1014
Kitano, H., 940, 1014
Kjaerulff, U., 579, 1014
KL-One, 367
Kleer, J. D., 55, 1007
Klein, D., 859, 1014
Kleinberg, J. M., 859, 1014
Klempner, G., 532, 1024
Knight, K., 2, 856, 860--862, 1005, 1014,
1030, 1042
Knoblock, C. A., 88, 409, 456, 994, 1005,
1014
knowing that, 343
knowing what, 343
knowing whether, 343
knowledge
acquisition, 23, 261
and action, 7, 344
background, 196
base, 195, 232, 268
based system, 22--24, 776
commonsense, 19
diagnostic, 480
effect, 344
engineering, 260, 260--266, 320, 496
for decision-theoretic systems, 605
level, 196, 233
map, see Bayesian network
model-based, 481
precondition, 344
prior, 37
proposition, 230
representation, 3, 16, 19, 24, 240--244, 320--374
analogical, 268
language, 195, 232, 240
source, 580
knowledge representation
uncertain, 492--495
Knuth, D. E., 187, 314, 827, 941, 983, 1007,
1014
Koditschek, D., 941, 1014
Koehler, J., 411, 1014
Koenderink, J. J., 896, 897, 1015
Koenig, S., 89, 134, 644, 940, 1015, 1035
Kohn, W., 314, 1015
Koller, D., 488, 531, 579, 580, 646, 756, 860, 940,
988, 991, 992, 1010,
1013, 1015, 1023,
1032
Kolmogorov complexity, 675
Kolmogorov's axioms, 471
Kolmogorov, A. N., 487, 578, 675, 1015
Kolodner, J., 24, 708, 829, 1015
Kondrak, G., 157, 158, 1015
Konolige, K., 366, 367, 458, 942, 993, 1015
Koopmans, T. C., 644, 1015
Koren., Y., 941, 992
Korf, R. E., 89, 131, 134, 188, 410, 1015, 1016,
1028
Kortenkamp, D., 940, 942, 996, 1016
Koss, F., 940, 996
Kotok, A., 187, 1016
Koutsoupias, E., 132, 235, 1016
Kowalski form, 295
Kowalski, R., 267, 289, 295, 313, 314, 364, 365, 367,
1016, 1032, 1039
Koza, J. R., 133, 1016
KPML (generation program), 829
Kramnik, V., 181
Kratzer, A., 828, 1008
Kraus, S., 458, 1016
Kraus, W. F., 133, 1019
Krauss, P., 531, 1034
Kripke, S. A., 366, 1016
Krishnan, T., 756, 1022
Krovetz, R., 859, 1016
Kruppa, E., 895, 1016
Krypton, 367
Ktesibios, 15
Kucera, H., 859, 1003
Kuehner, D., 313, 1016
Kuhn, H. W., 646, 1016
Kuhns, J.-L., 859, 1020
Kuijpers, C., 133, 136, 1017
Kuipers, B. J., 940, 1016
Kukich, K., 859, 1016
Kulikowski, C. A., 675, 1040
Kumar, P. R., 55, 1016
Kumar, V., 131, 158, 846, 1013, 1016,
1025, 1036
Kuniyoshi, Y., 940, 1014
Kuper, G. M., 313, 1016
Kurzweil, R., 2, 963, 1016
Kyburg, H. E., 488, 1016, 1017
label (in plans), 436, 460
Ladkin, P., 365, 1017
Ladner, R. E., 364, 1003
Lafferty, J., 859, 1017
Laguna, M., 132, 1006
Laird, J. E., 27, 286, 312, 456, 708, 971, 1012,
1017
Laird, N., 579, 756, 1000
Laird, P., 132, 157, 1023
Lakemeyer, G., 940, 994
Lakoff, G., 363, 829, 1017
Lamarck, J. B., 120, 1017
Lambertian surface, 868, 880, 898
Landauer, T. K., 858, 999
landmark, 909
Langley, P., 710, 1017
Langlotz, C. P., 26, 1010
Langton, C., 133, 1017
language, 790, 791--792
abhors synonymy, 844
as action, 827
analysis, 794
formal, 791
generation, 792
model, 568, 841, 854, 856
in disambiguation, 821
natural, 5, 241, 791
perception, 794
processing, 16, 790--862
situated, 826
and thought, 243
translation, 21, 694, 850--857
understanding, 19, 23
Lansky, A. L., 458, 1005
Laplace, P., 9, 472, 487, 523, 1017
Lappin, S., 829, 1017
Lari, K., 859, 1017
Larkey, P. D., 645, 1012
Larranaga, P., 133, 136, 1017
Larsen, B., 529, 1017
Larson, G., 687
Laruelle, H., 411, 455, 1005
Lassez, J.-L., 313, 1011
Lassila, O., 364, 990
latent Dirichlet allocation, 858
latent semantic indexing, 858
latent variable, 724
Latombe, J.-C., 455, 941, 1000, 1013,
1017, 1043
lattice theory, 309
Laugherty, K., 828, 1007
Lauritzen, S., 529, 532, 608, 755, 756, 1017,
1025, 1036
Lavrac, N., 674, 705, 709, 1017, 1022
Lawaly, 456
Lawler, E. L., 88, 131, 421, 1017
laws of thought, 4
layers, 739
Lazanas, A., 941, 1017
laziness, 463
La Mettrie, J. O., 961, 965, 1017
La Mura, P., 608, 1017
LCF, 267
Leacock, C., 949, 994
leaf node, 70
leak node, 500
LeanTaP, 315
Leaper, D. J., 488, 998
leaping to conclusions, 687
learning, 37, 54, 197, 649, 949, 952
action-value, 764
active, 764
assessing performance, 660--661
Bayesian, 713, 713--714, 754
Bayesian network, 722--724
blocks-world, 19
cart--pole problem, 780
checkers, 18
computational theory, 137, 668
curve, 660
decision lists, 670--671
decision trees, 653--659
determinations, 695
element, 52
ensemble, 664--668
explanation-based, 690--694
game-playing, 780
grammar, 824--834
heuristics, 109--110
hidden Markov model, 731
hidden variables, 730
with hidden variables, 727
incremental, 683, 687
inductive, 651--653, 673
knowledge-based, 689, 698, 707
instance-based, 733, 733
knowledge in, 686--690
linearly separable functions, 741--743
logical, 678--686
MAP, 714--715
maximum likelihood, 716--720
naive Bayes, 718
neural network, 748
new predicates, 700, 706
noise, 661--663
nonparametric, 733
online, 778
PAC, 668, 675, 694
parameter, 716, 720--722, 733
passive, 764
Q, 776, 782
rate, 769, 776
reinforcement, 763--789
relevance-based, 694--697
restaurant problem, 654
statistical, 712--715
supervised, 885
temporal difference, 767--771
to search, 104--105
top-down, 701--703
unsupervised, 650, 725--727
utility functions, 764
Leass, H. J., 829, 1017
least commitment, 387, 683
least-constraining-value heuristic, 144
LeCun, Y., 758, 897, 1017
Lederberg, J., 23, 363, 1002, 1019
Lee, K.-F., 580, 1039
Lee, R. C.-T., 315, 995
Lee, T.-M., 11, 1026
Leech, G., 828, 859, 1018, 1030
Lefkovitz, D., 189, 1018
left-corner parser, 802
left-recursive rules, 799
legal reasoning, 31
Legal-Actions, 89
Lehmann, D., 458, 1016
Leibniz, G. W., 6, 119, 234, 487, 645
Leimer, H., 529, 1017
Leipzig, 12
Leiserson, C. E., 983, 997
Lemmer, J. F., 532, 1013
Lenat, D. B., 363, 372, 710, 998, 1018
Length, 119, 399, 643, 801, 977
lens, 866
lens system, 866--867
Lenstra, J. K., 88, 421, 456, 1017, 1039
Lenzerini, M., 367, 994
Leonard, H. S., 365, 1018
Leonard, J. J., 940, 1018
Leone, N., 158, 313, 367, 1001, 1006
Lesh, N., 457, 1002
Lesniewski, S., 1018
Lesperance, Y., 365, 934, 1005, 1018
Lesser, V. R., 458, 580, 1001
Lettvin, J. Y., 893, 1018
Letz, R., 314, 1018
level (in planning graphs), 395
leveled off (planning graph), 397
Levesque, H. J., 132, 235, 365, 367, 369, 458, 934,
992, 996, 1005,
1018, 1034
Levitt, G. M., 186, 1018
Levitt, T. S., 940, 1016
Levy, D. N. L., 189, 1018
Lewis, D. D., 860, 1018
Lewis, D. K., 55, 828, 965, 1018
Lewis, R. A., 707, 1014
Lex, 674, 686
lexicalized PCFG, 837, 859
lexicon, 795, 828
Lesniewski, S., 365
Le Cun, Y., 758, 1017
LFG, see grammar, lexical-functional
Li, C. M., 235, 1018
Li, M., 675, 1018
liability, 962
Lieberman, L., 896, 989
Life, 314
life insurance, 592
LIFO queue, 75
Lifschitz, V., 367, 368, 409, 1005, 1018
lifting, 276, 275--279
lifting lemma, 300, 303
light, 867--868
Lighthill report, 22, 24
Lighthill, J., 22, 1018
likelihood, 541
likelihood weighting, 514, 528, 530, 565
Likelihood-Weighting, 514, 515
limb (in a scene), 882
limited rationality, 5
Lin, D., 757, 993
Lin, F., 365, 934, 1018
Lin, S., 88, 130, 1018, 1019
Linden, T. A., 457, 1019
Lindsay, R. K., 363, 860, 1019
line labeling, 882
line search, 121
linear
algebra, 979--981
constraint, 139
Gaussian, 502, 529, 552
input resolution, 308
interpolation smoothing, 835
programming, 132, 638
regression, 720
resolution, 305, 705
separability, 741, 755
separator, 740, 749
optimal, 749
linearization, 388, 912
Linguistic String Project, 828
linguistics, 16, 29
computational, 16
linkage constraints, 917
Links, 424
Linnaeus, 363
Linus, 705
Lipkis, T. A., 367, 1033
liquid event, see event, liquid
liquids, 368
Lisp, 18, 248, 343, 670, 934
List?, 278
lists, 257
literal (sentence), 204
Littman, M. L., 28, 133, 158, 457, 645, 646, 788, 987,
994, 1013, 1019, 1020
Liu, J. S., 579, 1019
Liu, W., 756, 995
lizard toasting, 688
Lloyd, E. K., 156, 991
Lloyd, J. W., 313, 1019
local beam search, 115
local search, 110, 223
locality, 230, 524
localization, 908
Markov, 940
locally structured system, 496
Locke, J., 6, 827, 1019
Locke, W. N., 860, 1019
locking, 308
Lodge, D., 974, 1019
Loebner prize, 30
log likelihood, 716
Logemann, G., 221, 235, 998
logic, 4, 7, 200--204
atoms, 248
default, 359
dynamic, 364
equality, 253
first-order, 240, 240--271
inference, 272--275
semantics, 245
syntax, 245
fuzzy, 464, 524, 526--527, 532
higher-order, 244
inductive, 472, 488, 488
interpretations, 246--247
modal, 342, 366
models, 245--246
nonmonotonic, 358
notation, 4
propositional, 195, 204--211, 241
inference, 208--223
semantics, 206--207
syntax, 204--206
quantifier, 249--252
resolution, 213--217
sampling, 530
temporal, 244, 364
terms, 248
variable, 290
logic programming, 267, 289--295, 313
constraint, 294, 294--295, 313
inductive (ILP), 689, 697--703, 707
tabled, 294, 294, 313
Logic Theorist, 17, 234
logic Theorist, 17
logical
agent, 195
connective, 16, 204, 249
inference, 202, 272--319
omniscience, 343
piano, 234
positivism, 6
reasoning, 211--224
logicism, 4
Logistello, 182
logistic function, 738
logit distribution, 503, 530
Lohn, J. D., 133, 1019
London, 14
long compound names, 264
Long, D., 411, 1003
long-distance dependencies, 817
long-term memory, 286
Longuet-Higgins, H. C., 1019
Look ma, no hands, 18
Lookup, 45
lookup table, 748
loopy propagation, 531
Lotem, A., 411, 1039
lottery, 586, 610
standard, 593
love, 949
Lovejoy, W. S., 645, 1019
Lovelace, A., 14
Loveland, D., 221, 235, 313--315, 998, 1019
Lowe, D. G., 897, 1019
Lowenheim, L., 267, 1019
Lowerre, B. T., 132, 580, 1019
Lowrance, J. D., 458, 532, 1032, 1041
Lowry, M., 309, 1008
Lowry, M. R., 315, 1019
Loyd, S., 88, 1019
Lozano-Perez, T., 941, 993, 1019,
1040
LPG, 411
LRTA*, 127, 134
LRTA*-Agent, 128, 128
LRTA*-Cost, 128, 128
LSTD, 786
LT, 17
Luby, M., 114, 530, 580, 997, 1019
Lucas, J. R., 949, 950, 1019
Lucas, P., 532, 605, 1019
Luce, D. R., 10, 646, 1019
Luger, G. F., 30, 1019
Lugosi, G., 755, 1000
Lull, R., 6
Lunar, 828
Luong, Q.-T., 896, 1002
Lusk, E., 315, 1042
Mezard, M., 758
MA*, see search, memory-bounded A*
MAC, 146, 149, 157
MacHack 6, 187
machine evolution, 22
machine learning, 3, 5
machine translation, see language, translation
850--857
statistical, 853--857
Machover, M., 267, 990
MacKay, D. J. C., 531, 758, 1020, 1021
Mackworth, A. K., 2, 27, 55, 146, 156, 158, 897, 1004,
1020, 1029
macrop (macro operator), 456
Madigan, C. F., 235, 1024
magic set, 287
Mahalanobis distance, 735
Mahanti, A., 134, 1020
Mahaviracarya, 487
Maier, D., 157, 313, 989, 990
Majercik, S. M., 457, 1020
majority function, 655, 740
Majority-Value, 658
Make-Action-Query, 196
Make-Action-Sentence, 196
Make-Node, 72, 77, 83, 102, 112, 116
Make-Percept-Sentence, 196
Make-Queue, 71
Makov, U. E., 756, 1038
Mali, A. D., 456, 1013
Malik, J., 579, 758, 873, 875, 880, 896, 897, 990,
999, 1010, 1020,
1034
Malik, S., 235, 1024
Mandela, N., 885
Manhattan, see heuristic, Manhattan
manipulator, 901
Mann, W. C., 829, 1020
Manna, Z., 267, 314, 315, 1020
Manning, C. D., 859, 861, 1014, 1020
Manolios, P., 315, 1013
Mansour, Y., 645, 787, 1013, 1037
MAP (maximum a posteriori), 714
Marais, H., 847, 859, 1035
Marbach, P., 787, 1020
Marcinkiewicz, M. A., 859, 1020
Marcu, D., 856, 1005
Marcus, M. P., 859, 1020
marginalization, 475
Marin, J., 674, 1011
Markov
assumption, 539, 578
blanket, 499, 536
chain, 517, 539
chain Monte Carlo, 516, 516--519, 528, 530, 565
decision process
partially observable (POMDP), 626, 625--628, 645
decision process (MDP), 10, 615, 643, 645, 763
process, 539
property, 547, 578, 614
Markov, A. A., 578, 858, 1020
Maron, M. E., 488, 859, 1020
Marr, D., 897, 1020
Marriott, K., 157, 158, 314, 1020
Marsland, A. T., 189, 1020
Martelli, A., 131, 314, 1020
Marthi, B., 580, 1020
Martin, J. H., 29, 580, 829, 830, 861, 1012,
1020
Martin, N., 312, 993
Martin, P., 456, 829, 1009, 1020
Maslov, S. Y., 312, 1020, 1021
Mason, M., 89, 456, 941, 942, 1001, 1019,
1021
mass noun, 328
mass spectrometer, 22
Mataric, M. J., 942, 1021
Mateis, C., 367, 1001
material advantage, 173
material value, 172
materialism, 6, 954, 965
eliminative, 965
Mates, B., 234, 1021
mathematical induction schema, 302
mathematics, 7--9, 18, 29
Matheson, J. E., 597, 608, 1010, 1022
matrix, 980
Maturana, H. R., 893, 1018
Mauchly, J., 14
Max, 166, 170
max norm, 622
Max-Value, 166, 166, 170, 170
maximin, 635
maximin equilibrium, 636
maximum a posteriori, 714
maximum expected utility, 585, 588, 607
maximum likelihood, 715, 716--720
Maxwell, J., 523, 805, 828, 895, 1021
Mayer, A., 131, 135, 1007, 1008
Mayne, D. Q., 579, 1007
Mazumder, P., 88, 1034
McAllester, D. A., 25, 188, 308, 368, 410, 411, 787, 828,
1013, 1021, 1037
MCC, 24
McCarthy, J., 17, 18, 55, 233, 267, 311, 341, 364, 367, 959,
1021
McCartney, R. D., 315, 1019
McCawley, J. D., 828, 1021
McClelland, J. L., 25, 1032
McConnell-Ginet, S., 29, 828, 995
McCulloch, W. S., 15, 16, 20, 236, 737, 738, 757, 893,
1018, 1021
McCune, W., 306, 309, 314, 1021
McDermott, D., 2, 312, 350, 367, 409, 411, 456, 457,
995, 1005, 1021
McDermott, J., 24, 286, 312, 1021
McDonald, R., 242
McEliece, R. J., 531, 1021
McGill, M. J., 755, 859, 1033
McGregor, J. J., 156, 1022
McGuinness, D. L., 353, 367, 992
McKeown, K., 829, 1022
McLachlan, G. J., 756, 1022
MCMC, see Markov chain Monte Carlo
MCMC-Ask, 517, 518
McMillan, K. L., 411, 1022
McNealy, S., 962
MDL, see minimum description length
MDP, see Markov decision process
measure, 325
measurement, 325--327
mechanism, 641
mechanism design, 640, 640--643
medical diagnosis, 23, 28, 488, 530
Meehan, J., 312, 995
Meehl, P., 949, 1007, 1022
Meet (interval relation), 339
Megarian school, 234, 364
megavariable, 549
Meggido, N., 646, 1015
Melcuk, I. A., 828, 1022
Mellish, C. S., 314, 996
memoization, 293, 310, 690
memory, 243
memory requirements, 74, 78
memory-based translation, 852
MEMS, 969
Mendel, G., 120, 1022
meningitis, 480--490
mental model, in disambiguation, 821
mental objects, 341--344
mental states, 954
Mercer, J., 751, 1022
Mercer, R. L., 854, 858, 860, 993, 1012
mereology, 365
Merkhofer, M. M., 608, 1022
Merlin, 366
Merlin, P. M., 313, 995
Meta-Dendral, 674, 686
metadata, 844
metalevel state space, 104
metaphor, 819, 829
metaphysics, 6
metareasoning, 184
decision-theoretic, 971
metarule, 295
metonymy, 819, 829
Metropolis algorithm, 132, 530
Metropolis, N., 132, 530, 1022
MEU, see maximum expected utility
Mezard, M., 1022
Mgonz, 948
MGSS*, 188
MGU (most general unifier), 277, 279, 303, 316
Michalski, R. S., 674, 675, 1022
Michaylov, S., 313, 1011
Michel, S., 861, 1022
Michie, D., 29, 68, 130, 131, 189, 456, 675, 780, 785, 941,
1000, 1022
Micro-Planner, 312
micromort, 593, 608, 611
Microsoft, 529, 532, 848
microworld, 19, 19, 21
Middleton, B., 501, 1029
Milgrom, P., 646, 1022
Mill, J. S., 7, 674, 680, 1022
Miller, A. C., 608, 1022
Miller, D., 455, 999
million queens problem, 150
Millstein, T., 411, 1002
Milner, A. J., 267, 1006
Min, 166, 170
Min-Conflicts, 151, 151, 223
min-conflicts, see heuristic, min-conflicts
Min-Value, 166, 166, 170, 170
mind, 2, 964
dualistic view, 965
and mysticism, 12
philosophy of, 964, 966
as physical system, 6
theory of, 3
mind--body problem, 954, 954--956
minesweeper, 235, 238
minimal model, 355, 359
Minimal-Consistent-Det, 696, 696
Minimax, 170
minimax, see search, minimax
minimax algorithm, 165, 434, 635
minimax decision, 165
Minimax-Decision, 166, 171
minimum description length, 675, 715
minimum remaining values, 143
minimum slack, 421
minimum spanning tree, 131, 135
Minker, J., 312, 1004
Minsky, M. L., 17, 19, 22, 24, 29, 366, 529, 757,
1021, 1022
Minton, S., 132, 157, 456, 708, 994, 1023
missing attribute values, 663
missionaries and cannibals, 88, 90, 363
MIT, 17--19, 941
Mitchell, D., 132, 235, 996, 1034
Mitchell, M., 133, 1023
Mitchell, T. M., 56, 674, 675, 686, 708, 971, 993,
1022, 1023
Mitkov, R., 829, 1023
mixed strategy, 632
mixing time, 544